Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033036 (APC)
 10,214 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The initial site of damage in analgesic abuse is the renal medulla and the characteristic lesion is renal papillary necrosis. The papillary necrosis appears to be an ischaemic infarct. The cortical lesion of chronic interstial nephritis is a non-specific change and secondary to obstruction to tubules in the necrotic medulla. 2. Medullary perfusion and the concentration mechanism appear to be important factors in the genesis of renal papillary necrosis. 3. Experimental and clinical studies suggest that abuse of compound analgesics containing aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine result in renal papillary necrosis and the clinical syndrome of analgesic nephropathy. In the APC mixture aspirin appears to be the major nephrotoxic agent while phenacetin plays a synergistic but secondary role in the renal nephrotoxicity.
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PMID:Pathology, aetiology and pathogenesis of analgesic nephropathy. 107 Sep 95

Twenty-four-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring was used to determine the incidence of arrhythmia while on-call and its relationship to stress and fatigue in 20 healthy medical interns. Mitral valve prolapse was present in 8 of 19 interns (42%). Heart rates ranged from a maximum of 103-167 beats/min (135 +/- 16) to a minimum of 38-61 beats/min (47 +/- 5). Interns had at least one episode of sinus tachycardia/h during 57% +/- 21% (range, 8-88%) of their hours on-call. Atrial premature beats (APB) were present in 19 of 20 (95%) and ventricular premature beats (VPB) in 12 of 20 (60%) subjects. APB/h ranged from 0 to 1.2 (0.4 +/- 0.3) and VPB/h from 0 to 23 (2 +/- 6). Three interns had multiform VPB and two had ventricular couplets. More APB/h occurred in interns under greater stress (0.5 +/- 0.4/h vs 0.3 +/- 0.1/h, p < 0.05) and combined stress and fatigue (0.6 +/- 0.4/h vs 0.2 +/- 0.2/h, p < 0.01). More VPB/h (5 +/- 9/h vs 0.5 +/- 0.6/h, p < 0.05) and higher (Lown) grade ventricular ectopy (2.3 +/- 1.6 vs 0.8 +/- 1.1; p < 0.05) occurred in interns under greater combined stress and fatigue. Mitral valve prolapse, sleep deprivation and caffeine intake were not associated with increased arrhythmia. The authors conclude that (1) rapid sinus tachycardia is frequent in interns while on-call and (2) interns experiencing greater stress and fatigue have more APB/h, VPB/h, and higher grade ventricular ectopy. These data support the notion that stress and fatigue may contribute to arrhythmia in healthy normal subjects.
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PMID:The effect of stress and fatigue on cardiac rhythm in medical interns. 140 19

Potential behavioral and teratogenic effects of caffeine were studied in Charles River CD albino rats. Caffeine in distilled water was given by gavage to pregnant rats (dams) at doses of 5, 25, 50 or 75 mg/kg on Days 3-19 of gestation. Concurrent controls received distilled water gavage (10 ml/kg) on the same days. Dams were allowed to deliver normally. Physical and behavioral observations were made on dams during gestation and lactation and on F1 offspring through 9 weeks of age. Caffeine decreased body weights and food intake and increased water intake in gestating dams but these effects dissipated during lactation. Spontaneous locomotor activity (PAC) and open field (OF) were increased immediately after caffeine gavage but not before. Parturition was slightly delayed. With analyses of data based on individual pups the following effects were noted. Pre- and post-weaning offspring body weights were decreased in females at 50 and 75 mg/kg and in males at 75 mg/kg. Incisor eruption was delayed in females at 5, 50 and 75 mg/kg and in males at all doses. Auditory startle developed earlier in the 5 mg/kg dose group but was delayed at 75 mg/kg for males only. Eye opening was delayed in both sexes at 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg. In females, vaginal opening was delayed at 5, 25 and 75 mg/kg and 9-week ovary weights were increased at 75 mg/kg. In postweaning males, food intake was decreased and water intake was increased with increasing dose. In males, PAC was decreased at 75 mg/kg only on Day 12. At 7 weeks of age, step-down passive avoidance was decreased at 5 and 25 mg/kg but increased at 50 and 75 mg/kg, and at 8 weeks of age, shuttlebox active avoidance was decreased with increasing dose. Maternal and offspring behaviors were only weakly correlated. Correction for litter effect in developmental data yielded fewer significant results and only at 50 and 75 mg/kg. The issue of whether it is always appropriate to correct for "litter effect" is discussed.
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PMID:Postnatal neurobehavioral development in rats exposed in utero to caffeine. 370 93

A survey of 763 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 145 with osteoarthritis in six clinics in New Zealand showed no association between aspirin intake and a score designed to detect analgesic nephropathy. Analgesic nephropathy was diagnosed clinically in three patients taking APC (aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine or codeine or both) and in one who took aspirin and phenylbutazone and was suspected in one who took aspirin and paracetamol. Isolated aspirin was not implicated. The study showed that most people can take large quantities of salicylates without renal injury.The findings are, however, consistent with the view that there is a risk from APC compounds taken in large quantity, but the numbers at risk in this study were small. Aspirin may have an additive effect with other analgesics in causing renal damage. An increased frequency of urinary tract symptoms in those taking analgesics requires further investigation.
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PMID:Aspirin and the kidney. New Zealand Rheumatism Association Study. 482 Oct 7

In this multicenter study a nonnarcotic analgesic available for moderate pain, naproxen sodium, 550 mg, was compared to a combination that is used extensively for moderate to severe pain, aspirin, phenacetin, caffeine and codeine phosphate (APC/C) (60 mg of codeine phosphate). Women with pain after major gynecologic surgery reported a similar pattern in pain reduction with the two medications except for a relatively sharper increase in pain intensity between four and six hours after administration of APC/C. A smaller number of patient complaints suggested that naproxen sodium was better tolerated than APC/C.
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PMID:Naproxen sodium vs. a combination of aspirin, phenacetin, caffeine and codeine phosphate for pain after major gynecologic surgery. A multicenter comparison. 637 36

The analgesic efficacy of a hydrocodone-acetaminophen combination, a codeine-acetaminophen combination, a codeine-APC (aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine) combination, and a placebo was evaluated in outpatients who had moderate or severe pain after the surgical removal of impacted third molars. Each of the active medications had a significant effect on essentially all measures of total and peak analgesia; they did not differ significantly on any measure of analgesia. Adverse effects were transitory and, in general, appear to have been related to the centrally acting component of each combination analgesic.
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PMID:An evaluation of the analgesic efficacy of three opioid-analgesic combinations in postoperative oral surgery pain. 693 24

Groups of 40 male and 40 female C57BL/6 mice were maintained for 75-80 weeks on meal form diets containing aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine either singly or in combination. The maximum daily doses of phenacetin alone and the APC combination were approximately one-half of their previously determined respective oral LD50's. Mild, nonprogressive histopathologic changes of the urinary tract were noted with these changes first evident in animals given the highest dose of phenacetin. Sulfhemoglobinemia was also induced in all groups of animals given phenacetin alone or in combination indicating that toxic doses were administered oral LD50's. Mild, nonprogressive histopathologic changes of the urinary tract were noted with these changes first evident in animals given the highest dose of phenacetin. Sulfhemoglobinemia was also induced in all groups of animals given phenacetin alone or in combination indicating that toxic doses were administered oral LD50's. Mild, nonprogressive histopathologic changes of the urinary tract were noted with these changes first evident in animals given the highest dose of phenacetin. Sulfhemoglobinemia was also induced in all groups of animals given phenacetin alone or in combination indicating that toxic doses were administered. Under the conditions of this study, evidence of carcinogens was not demonstrated for any of the drugs given alone or in combination.
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PMID:Eighteen month oral study of aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine, in C57Bl/6 mice. 722 15

Considerable controversy surrounds the role of the c-myb proto-oncogene in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Previous investigations using antisense approaches have suggested a relationship between c-myb expression, cell cycle progression, and cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt). However, the ability of certain antisense oligonucleotides to bind and inactivate growth factors allows alternative explanations. To define more specifically the role of c-Myb in cultured VSMCs (SVE and A10 cell lines), we have generated stable cell clones expressing a dominant-negative c-Myb lacking critical elements of the DNA binding domain (delta5-SVE) and transiently transfected cell populations (GRE-MEn-SVE and GRE-MEn-A10) expressing a glucocorticoid-inducible chimeric protein that targets the Drosophila Engrailed repressor domain to c-Myb-responsive promoters. The delta5-SVE clones and GRE-MEn cell populations exhibit a 60% reduction in mean intracellular c-Myb activity, as measured by cotransfection assays with a c-Myb-responsive reporter, a 42% decrease in the mean S phase entry of growth-arrested (G[0]) cells after serum stimulation, and a 36% inhibition of mean cell proliferation over 4 days. These cells also display 28% (34-nmol/L) and 30% (42-nmol/L) reductions in mean [Ca2+]cyt at G(0) and at the G1/S interface, respectively, as well as significant reductions in the peak [Ca2+]cyt responses to thapsigargin (5 micromol/L) and caffeine (10 mmol/L). These latter reductions in operationally defined Ca2+ pools were observed both at different stages of the cell cycle and after transient induction of the dominant-interfering construct, suggesting that c-Myb regulates these releasable Ca2+ stores independent of its effects on cell cycle progression.
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PMID:c-Myb-dependent cell cycle progression and Ca2+ storage in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. 913 Apr 42

Previous studies have shown that human fetal adrenal gland from 17- to 20-week-old fetuses expressed pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptors, which were localized on chromaffin cells. The aim of the present study was to identify PACAP receptor isoforms and to determine whether PACAP can affect intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) and catecholamine secretion. Using primary cultures and specific stimulation of chromaffin cells, we demonstrate that PACAP-38 induced an increase in [Ca(2+)](i) that was blocked by PACAP (6-38), was independent of external Ca(2+), and originated from thapsigargin-insensitive internal stores. The PACAP-triggered Ca(2+) increase was not affected by inhibition of PLC beta (preincubation with U-73122) or by pretreatment of cells with Xestospongin C, indicating that the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate-sensitive stores were not mobilized. However, forskolin (FSK), which raises cytosolic cAMP, induced an increase in Ca(2+) similar to that recorded with PACAP-38. Blockage of PKA by H-89 or (R(p))-cAMPS suppressed both PACAP-38 and FSK calcium responses. The effect of PACAP-38 was also abolished by emptying the caffeine/ryanodine-sensitive Ca(2+) stores. Furthermore, treatment of cells with orthovanadate (100 microm) impaired Ca(2+) reloading of PACAP-sensitive stores indicating that PACAP-38 can mobilize Ca(2+) from secretory vesicles. Moreover, PACAP induced catecholamine secretion by chromaffin cells. It is concluded that PACAP-38, through the PAC(1) receptor, acts as a neurotransmitter in human fetal chromaffin cells inducing catecholamine secretion, through nonclassical, recently described, ryanodine/caffeine-sensitive pools, involving a cAMP- and PKA-dependent phosphorylation mechanism.
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PMID:PAC1 receptor activation by PACAP-38 mediates Ca2+ release from a cAMP-dependent pool in human fetal adrenal gland chromaffin cells. 1242 44

The principle of derivative spectrum is described, which is based on the simultaneous use of the first derivative of ratio spectra and measurements of zero-crossing wavelengths. The method can be used to analyze one of three components in ternary mixture and eliminate the interference of others. This method is used to determine the ternary mixture of aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine in APC simultaneous with satisfactory results. The regression coefficient is higher than 0.9992, the relative standard derivatives (RSD) is less than 3.2%, the recovery is between 93.3%-106.3%.
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PMID:[Simultaneous determination of aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine in compound APC by derivative ratio UV adsorption spectrum method]. 1294 85


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