Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033036 (APC)
 10,214 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We describe the spontaneous progression of a colon adenoma cell line to tumorigenicity and growth factor independence. This system allows direct comparison of biologic stages of malignant progression with alterations of colon cancer suppressor genes and oncogenes. VACO-235, a human colon adenoma cell line, is at early passages nontumorigenic in the nude mouse, unable to grow in soft agar, growth stimulated by serum and EGF, and growth inhibited by TGF-beta. VACO-235 daughter passages 93 and higher have in culture spontaneously progressed to being weakly tumorigenic, but retain all other growth characteristics of VACO-235 early passages. A mouse xenograft from late passage VACO-235 was reestablished in culture as the granddaughter cell line, VACO-411. VACO-411 is highly tumorigenic, clones in soft agar, and is unresponsive to serum, EGF, and TGF-beta. Early passage VACO-235 bears a mutant K-ras allele, bears only mutant APC alleles, expresses no DCC transcripts, and expresses only wild type p53 transcripts. VACO-411 retains the identical genotype, still expressing only wild type p53. Colonic cells after ras mutation, APC mutation, and DCC inactivation remain nontumorigenic and growth factor dependent. Malignant progression involves at least two additional steps, and in VACO-411 can proceed by a novel pathway not requiring p53 inactivation.
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PMID:A benign cultured colon adenoma bears three genetically altered colon cancer oncogenes, but progresses to tumorigenicity and transforming growth factor-beta independence without inactivating the p53 tumor suppressor gene. 813 40

Many of the genetic alterations related to carcinogenesis and progression such as gene amplification, deletion, mutation and overexpression can be analyzed on paraffin-embedded clinical materials. Genetic abnormalities of tumor suppressor gene such as p53 and APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) are good markers for differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancers. Gene amplification and overexpression of oncogenes and growth factors/receptors such as c-met, K-sam, c-erbB2, EGF and EGF receptor are biological marker of biological malignancy. Molecular diagnosis has been done in Hiroshima Medical Association Laboratory to make an objective diagnosis for border line lesions and to obtain information on the biological behavior of gastrointestinal cancers based on genetic alterations. Molecular analysis is a powerful tool to complement histological diagnosis of gastrointestinal lesions.
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PMID:[Molecular diagnosis on gastrointestinal cancers]. 817 44

Molecular alterations play a key role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal cancers. In the present paper we describe relevant molecular alterations in human pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Overexpression of growth factor receptors (EGF receptor, c-erbB2, c-erbB3, TGF beta receptor I-III), growth factors (EGF, TGF alpha, TGF beta-1-3, aFGF, bFGF), adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, ELAM-1) and gene mutations (p53, K-ras, DCC, APC) are present in a significant number of these tumors. These changes stimulate tumor growth and enhance the metastatic behavior of pancreatic cancer cells and thereby may contribute to shorter postoperative survival following tumor resection.
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PMID:Pancreatic cancer: the potential clinical relevance of alterations in growth factors and their receptors. 883 68

The E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion system is now considered to be an "invasion suppressor system" in cancer cells. Dysfunction of the E-cadherin system due to mutations of the genes of E-cadherin and catenins has not been reported in colorectal cancer. Histologically, well-differentiated colorectal cancer cells are found to be scattered at the invasive front in primary lesions and form glands again in metastatic sites. We have reported the association and presence of signal transduction between c-erbB-2/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) and beta-catenin in human cancer cells. This temporal dysfunction of the E-cadherin system observed in colon cancers may be caused by tyrosine phosphorylation of beta-catenin through activated receptor-type tyrosine kinases. Overexpression of EGF-R and tyrosine phosphorylation of beta-catenin are often observed in "focal dedifferentiated cells" at the invasive front of colorectal cancers. In addition, beta-catenin expression is regulated by the APC tumor suppressor gene product. Thus the E-cadherin-catenin system may play important roles not only in invasion and metastasis but also in the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer.
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PMID:[Dysfunction of E-cadherin-catenin system in invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer]. 974 18

In recent years developmental biology has contributed a great deal to cancer research. This is in part because both fields address the question of how genes control the three-dimensional organisation of tissues, and how mutation of genes alters this. But also in recent years, the discovery that signalling pathways are conserved from worms to man, combined with the power of developmental biology's model organisms, principally Drosophila and C. elegans, to reveal signalling pathways that control tissue growth and organisation, has had a huge impact. Examples of this are the subject of the reviews in this issue, including the EGF-receptor, Wnt/APC/catenin, TGF-beta/Smad and hedgehog/patched/smoothened pathways, all of which were discovered and/or pieced together in model organisms, and all of which are disrupted by mutation in human cancer. Other topics considered are the control and execution of apoptosis; the search for tumour-suppressor-like genes in Drosophila; and genes of the Polycomb and Trithorax Groups that regulate the commitment of cells to patterns of differentiation, and that are among the targets for chromosome translocations. These stories illustrate how developmental biology has shown that there are many more signalling pathways relevant to neoplasia than the receptor tyrosine kinase pathways that first dominated the field; and that the signalling is more than just mitogenic or anti-mitogenic, and should be viewed as providing cells with information about their position and neighbours, that determines their role, differentiation and behaviour.
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PMID:The impact of developmental biology on cancer research: an overview. 1072 82

Protein C (PC), a 62 kDa multi-modular zymogen, is activated to an anticoagulant serine protease (activated PC or APC) by thrombin bound to thrombomodulin on the surface of endothelial cells. PC/APC interacts with many proteins and the characterisation of these interactions is not trivial. However, molecular modelling methods help to study these complex biological processes and provide basis for rational experimental design and interpretation of the results. PC/APC consists of a Gla domain followed by two EGF modules and a serine protease domain. In this report, we present two structural models for full-length APC and two equivalent models for full-length PC, based on the X-ray structures of Gla-domainless APC and of known serine protease zymogens. The overall elongated shape of the models is further cross-validated using size exclusion chromatography which allows evaluation of the Stokes radius (rs for PC = 33.15 A; rs for APC = 34.19 A), frictional ratio and axial ratio. We then propose potential binding sites at the surface of PC/APC using surface hydrophobicity as a determinant of the preferred sites of intermolecular recognition. Most of the predicted binding sites are consistent with previously reported experimental data, while some clusters highlight new regions that should be involved in protein-protein interactions.
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PMID:Screening the molecular surface of human anticoagulant protein C: a search for interaction sites. 1121 26

LT97, a permanent cell line consisting of epithelial cells with an early premalignant genotype was established from small colorectal polyps. LT97 cells have lost both alleles of the APC tumour suppressor gene. In addition, they carry a mutated Ki-ras oncogene, while TP53 is normal. LT97 growth characteristics are thus representative of early adenomas. They had to be passaged as multicellular aggregates indicating a dependency of survival on cell-cell contact and in accordance with their premalignant genotype were not capable of growth in soft agar. LT97 cells did express both the EGF-receptor and small amounts of TGF(alpha) establishing an autocrine growth or survival pathway. However, in spite of autocrine TGF(alpha) production, growth was strongly dependent on exogenous growth factors--mainly EGF, insulin and HGF. Inhibition of the EGF-receptor kinase induced apoptosis at an IC(50) concentration of 4 micromolar indicating that TGF(alpha) activated survival pathways in the early adenoma cell.
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PMID:Cells obtained from colorectal microadenomas mirror early premalignant growth patterns in vitro. 1220 77

Gateways to Clinical Trials is a guide to the most recent clinical trials in current literature and congresses. The data in the following tables has been retrieved from the Clinical Studies Knowledge Area of Prous Science Integrity(R), the drug discovery and development portal, http://integrity.prous.com. This issue focuses on the following selection of drugs: Activated protein C concentrate, Ad-CD154, Adeno-Interferon gamma, alemtuzumab, APC-8024, 9-aminocamptothecin, aprepitant, l-arginine hydrochloride, aripiprazole, arsenic trioxide, asimadoline; O6-Benzylguanine, bevacizumab, Bi-20, binodenoson, biphasic insulin aspart, bivatuzumab, 186Re-bivatuzumab, BMS-181176, bosentan, botulinum toxin type B, BQ-123, bryostatin 1; Carboxy- amidotriazole, caspofungin acetate, CB-1954, CC-4047, CDP-860, cerivastatin sodium, clevidipine, CTL-102; 3,4-DAP, darbepoetin alfa, decitabine, desloratadine, DHA-paclitaxel, duloxetine hydrochloride; Efalizumab, EGF vaccine, eletriptan, eniluracil, ENMD-0997, eplerenone, eplivanserin, erlosamide, ertapenem sodium, escitalopram oxalate, esomeprazole magnesium, eszopiclone, everolimus, exatecan mesilate, exenatide, ezetimibe; Fondaparinux sodium, FR-901228, FTY-720; Gefitinib, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, gepirone hydrochloride; Hexyl insulin M2, human insulin; Imatinib mesylate, insulin detemir, insulin glargine, iodine (I131) tositumomab, ISV-205, ivabradine hydrochloride, ixabepilone; Levetiracetam, levocetirizine, linezolid, liposomal NDDP, lonafarnib, lopinavir, LY-156735; Mafosfamide cyclohexylamine salt, magnesium sulfate, maxacalcitol, meclinertant, melagatran, melatonin, MENT, mepolizumab, micafungin sodium, midostaurin, motexafin gadolinium; Nesiritide, NS-1209, NSC-601316, NSC-683864; Osanetant; Palonosetron hydrochloride, parecoxib sodium, pegaptanib sodium, peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, pegylated OB protein, pemetrexed disodium, perillyl alcohol, picoplatin, pimecrolimus, pixantrone maleate, plevitrexed, polyglutamate paclitaxel, posurdex, pramlintide acetate, prasterone, pregabalin; Rasburicase, rimonabant hydrochloride, rostaporfin, rosuvastatin calcium; SDZ-SID-791, sibrotuzumab, sorafenib, SU-11248; Tadalafil, targinine, tegaserod maleate, telithromycin, TheraCIM, tigecycline, tiotropium bromide, tipifarnib, tirapazamine, treprostinil sodium; Valdecoxib, Valganciclovir hydrochloride, Vardenafil hydrochloride hydrate; Ximelagatran; Zofenopril calcium, Zoledronic acid monohydrate.
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PMID:Gateways to clinical trials. 1507 12

Protein C is the central enzyme of the natural anticoagulant pathway and its activated form APC (activated protein C) is able to proteolyse non-active as well as active coagulation factors V and VIII. Proteolysis renders these cofactors inactive, resulting in an attenuation of thrombin formation and overall down-regulation of coagulation. Presences of the APC cofactor, protein S, thrombomodulin, endothelial protein C receptor and a phospholipid surface are important for the expression of anticoagulant APC activity. Notably, APC also has direct cytoprotective effects on cells: APC is able to protect the endothelial barrier function and expresses anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. Exact molecular mechanisms have thus far not been completely described but it has been shown that both the protease activated receptor 1 and EPCR are essential for the cytoprotective activity of APC. Recently it was shown that also other receptors like sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor 1, Cd11b/CD18 and tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains 2 are likewise important for APC signalling. Mutagenesis studies are being performed to map the various APC functions and interactions onto its 3D structure and to dissect anticoagulant and cytoprotective properties. The results of these studies have provided a wealth of structure-function information. With this review we describe the state-of-the-art of the intricate structure-function relationships of APC, a protein that harbours several important functions for the maintenance of both humoral and tissue homeostasis.
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PMID:The structure-function relationship of activated protein C. Lessons from natural and engineered mutations. 2207 31

Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, is an active component of Ranunculaceae and Papaveraceae plant families. Berberine has been found to suppress growth of several tumor cell lines in vitro through the cell-type-dependent mechanism. Expression and activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is increased in colonic precancerous lesions and tumours, thus EGFR is considered a tumour promoter. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of berberine on regulation of EGFR activity and proliferation in colonic tumor cell lines and in vivo. We reported that berberine significantly inhibited basal level and EGF-stimulated EGFR activation and proliferation in the immorto Min mouse colonic epithelial (IMCE) cells carrying the APC(min) mutation and human colonic carcinoma cell line, HT-29 cells. Berberine acted to inhibit proliferation through inducing G1/S and G2/M cell cycle arrest, which correlated with regulation of the checkpoint protein expression. In this study, we also showed that berberine stimulated ubiquitin ligase Cbl activation and Cbl's interaction with EGFR, and EGFR ubiquitinylation and down-regulation in these two cell lines in the presence or absence of EGF treatment. Knock-down Cbl expression blocked the effects of berberine on down-regulation of EGFR and inhibition of proliferation. Furthermore, berberine suppressed tumor growth in the HT-29 cell xenograft model. Cell proliferation and EGFR expression level was decreased by berberine treatment in this xenograft model and in colon epithelial cells of APC(min/+) mice. Taken together, these data indicate that berberine enhances Cbl activity, resulting in down-regulation of EGFR expression and inhibition of proliferation in colon tumor cells.
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PMID:Berberine inhibits proliferation and down-regulates epidermal growth factor receptor through activation of Cbl in colon tumor cells. 2345


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