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 10,214 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A significant decrease in PaO2 occurs in some patients during PAOP measurements. To examine the incidence and the types of patients whose PaO2 decreases during PAOP measurements, we studied the changes of PaO2 in 101 anesthetized, mechanically ventilated adult patients. During a 2-min inflation of a PAC balloon, seven patients (6.9 percent) developed marked decrease in PaO2/FIo2 (more than 100 mm Hg). Neither age nor size of patients, decrease in end-tidal CO2, nor baseline value of PAP correlated with the decreases in PaO2. A decrease in PaO2/FIo2 (more than 50 mm Hg) was observed more frequently in female patients and in patients with cardiac disease, especially those whose PAP values were above normal. Although a significant decrease in PaO2 during PAOP measurements does not appear to occur often, our results suggest that the changes in PaO2 should be evaluated in patients with severely compromised pulmonary oxygenation.
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PMID:Alteration of pulmonary oxygenation by pulmonary artery occluded pressure measurements in mechanically ventilated patients. 275 21

Recent interest in PDP (parallel distributed processing) models is due in part to the widely held belief that they challenge many of the assumptions of classical cognitive science. In the domain of language acquisition, for example, there has been much interest in the claim that PDP models might undermine nativism. Related arguments based on PDP learning have also been given against Fodor's anti-constructivist position--a position that has contributed to the widespread dismissal of constructivism. A limitation of many of the claims regarding PDP learning, however, is that the principles underlying this learning have not been rigorously characterized. In this paper, I examine PDP models from within the framework of Valiant's PAC (probably approximately correct) model of learning, now the dominant model in machine learning, and which applies naturally to neural network learning. From this perspective, I evaluate the implications of PDP models for nativism and Fodor's influential anti-constructivist position. In particular, I demonstrate that, contrary to a number of claims, PDP models are nativist in a robust sense. I also demonstrate that PDP models actually serve as a good illustration of Fodor's anti-constructivist position. While these results may at first suggest that neural network models in general are incapable of the sort of concept acquisition that is required to refute Fodor's anti-constructivist position, I suggest that there is an alternative form of neural network learning that demonstrates the plausibility of constructivism. This alternative form of learning is a natural interpretation of the constructivist position in terms of neural network learning, as it employs learning algorithms that incorporate the addition of structure in addition to weight modification schemes. By demonstrating that there is a natural and plausible interpretation of constructivism in terms of neural network learning, the position that nativism is the only plausible model of acquisition can no longer be defended. Indeed, I briefly discuss a number of learning-theoretic reasons indicating that constructivist models so characterized uniquely possess a number of important learning characteristics.
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PMID:Neural networks, nativism, and the plausibility of constructivism. 826 97

This article summarized immunohistochemistry methods generally used in research laboratories and clinic including direct immune staining, indirect immune staining, enzyme method, fluorescence method, APC method and PAP method.
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PMID:Double staining immunohistochemistry. 2257 97