Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0033036 (APC)
 10,214 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

7-Ethyl-10[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino] carbonyloxy-camptothecin (CPT-11), a DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor, undergoes several metabolic pathways to generate conjugated and unconjugated derivatives that could be excreted from the body. The objective of this study was to determine the oxidative metabolites of CPT-11 recovered in human urine samples and to identify cytochrome P450 (CYP) involved in their formation. In addition to the already known metabolites of CPT-11 [SN-38, SN-38-G, 7-ethyl-10-[4-N-(5-aminopentanoic acid)-1-piperidino]carbonyloxycamptothecin (APC), and 7-ethyl-10-(4-amino-1-piperidino) carbonyloxycamptothecin (NPC)], we isolated three oxidized metabolites from the urine of two children and two adults given CPT-11. M1 and M2 (molecular weight, 602) were hydroxylated, respectively, on the CPT moiety and on the terminal piperidine ring of CPT-11. M3 had a molecular mass of 602, but its urine concentration in patients was too low to establish its chemical structure by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. In vitro incubations with cells expressing CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, or CYP3A7 did not produce any detectable metabolites. Only CYP3A4 produced both APC and NPC, resulting from the oxidation of the piperidinylpiperidine side chain of CPT-11 along with metabolite M2. The metabolism of CPT-11 by CYP3A5 was markedly different because neither APC or NPC nor M2 was produced, whereas only one new metabolite, M4 (molecular weight, 558), was generated by de-ethylation of the CPT moiety. No previous study has reported the presence of the M4 metabolite. Production of APC, NPC, M2, and M4 was prevented by ketoconazole, a specific CYP3A inhibitor. The parameters of CPT-11 biotransformation into M2 and M4 were examined using cell lines expressing, respectively, with CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, indicating that CPT-11 is preferentially metabolized by CYP3A4. In conclusion, CYP3A plays a major role in the metabolism of CPT-11, with some differences of the metabolic profile exhibited by 3A4 and 3A5.
 ...
PMID:Metabolism of irinotecan (CPT-11) by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 in humans. 1081 27

1. The mechanisms and receptors involved in the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)- and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-induced relaxations of the pig intravesical ureter were investigated. 2. VIP, PACAP 38 and PACAP 27 concentration-dependently relaxed U46619-contracted ureteral strips with a similar potency. [Ala(11,22,28)]-VIP, a VPAC(1) agonist, showed inconsistent relaxations. 3. The neuronal voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel inhibitor, omega-conotoxin GVIA (omega-CgTX, 1 microm), reduced the VIP relaxations. Urothelium removal or blockade of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents, nitric oxide (NO) synthase and guanylate cyclase with capsaicin (10 microm), N(G)-nitro-l-arginine (l-NOARG, 100 microm) and 1H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 5 microm), respectively, did not change the VIP relaxations. However, the PACAP 38 relaxations were reduced by omega-CgTX, capsaicin, l-NOARG and ODQ. 4. The VIP and VIP/PACAP receptor antagonists, [Lys(1), Pro(2,5), Arg(3,4), Tyr(6)]-VIP (1 microm) and PACAP (6-38) (0.4 microm), inhibited VIP and VIP and PACAP 38, respectively, relaxations. 5. The nonselective and large-conductance Ca(2)-activated K(+) channel blockers, tetraethylammonium (3 mm) and charybdotoxin (0.1 microm), respectively, and neuropeptide Y (0.1 microm) did not modify the VIP relaxations. The small-conductance Ca(2)-activated K(+) channel blocker apamin (1 microm) did not change the PACAP 27 relaxations. 6. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) blocker, 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Rp-8-CPT-cAMPS, 100 microm), reduced VIP relaxations. The phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor rolipram and the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin relaxed ureteral preparations. The rolipram relaxations were reduced by Rp-8-CPT-cAMPS. Forskolin (30 nm) evoked a potentiation of VIP relaxations. 7. These results suggest that VIP and PACAP relax the pig ureter through smooth muscle receptors, probably of the VPAC(2) subtype, linked to a cAMP-PKA pathway. Neuronal VPAC receptors localized at motor nerves and PAC(1) receptors placed at sensory nerves and coupled to NO release, seem also to be involved in the VIP and PACAP 38 relaxations.
 ...
PMID:Heterogeneity of neuronal and smooth muscle receptors involved in the VIP- and PACAP-induced relaxations of the pig intravesical ureter. 1466 37

Gateways to Clinical Trials is a guide to the most recent clinical trials in current literature and congresses. The data in the following tables has been retrieved from the Clinical Trials Knowledge Area of Prous Science Integrity, the drug discovery and development portal, http://integrity.prous.com. This issue focuses on the following selection of drugs: 101M, 166Ho-DOTMP, 3-AP; Abatacept, abetimus sodium, ACR-16, adefovir dipivoxil, alefacept, AMD-070, aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester, anatumomab mafenatox, anti-CTLA-4 MAb, antigastrin therapeutic vaccine, AP-12009, AP-23573, APC-8024, aripiprazole, ATL-962, atomoxetine hydrochloride; Bevacizumab, bimatoprost, bortezomib, bosentan, BR-1; Calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate, cinacalcet hydrochloride, clofazimine, colchicine, cold-adapted influenza vaccine trivalent, CRM197; Desloratadine, desoxyepothilone B, diethylhomospermine; Edodekin alfa, efalizumab, elcometrine, eletriptan, enfuvirtide, entecavir, EP-2101, eplerenone, erlotinib hydrochloride, etoricoxib, everolimus, exherin, ezetimibe; Febuxostat, fluorescein lisicol, fosamprenavir calcium, frovatriptan; Hemoglobin raffimer, HSPPC-96, human insulin; Imatinib mesylate, insulin detemir, insulin glargine, IRX-2, istradefylline, IV gamma-globulin, ixabepilone; Kahalalide F; L-759274, levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone, licofelone, lonafarnib, lopinavir, lurtotecan, LY-156735; MAb G250, mecasermin, melatonin, midostaurin, muraglitazar; Nesiritide, nitronaproxen; O6-Benzylguanine, olmesartan medoxomil, olmesartan medoxomil/hydrochlorothiazide, omapatrilat, oral insulin; Parecoxib sodium, PCK-3145, peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b, peginterferon alfa-2b/ ribavirin, pemetrexed disodium, peptide YY3-36, PG-CPT, phenoxodiol, pimecrolimus, posaconazole; Rasagiline mesilate, rDNA insulin, RG228, rimonabant hydrochloride, rosuvastatin calcium, rotigotine hydrochloride; S-3304, safinamide mesilate, salcaprozic acid sodium salt, SDZ-SID-791, SGN-30, soblidotin, squalamine; Telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide, testosterone gel, TF(c)-KLH conjugate vaccine, TH-9507, theraloc, tipifarnib, tocilizumab, travoprost; ValboroPro, valdecoxib, veglin, voriconazole; Ximelagatran.
 ...
PMID:Gateways to clinical trials. 1553 46

Warfarin is the anticoagulant of choice for venous thromboembolism (VTE) treatment, although its suppression of the endogenous clot-dissolution complex APC:PS may ultimately lead to longer time-to-clot dissolution profiles, resulting in increased risk of re-thrombosis. This detrimental effect might not occur during VTE treatment using other anticoagulants, such as rivaroxaban or enoxaparin, given their different mechanisms of action within the coagulation network. A quantitative systems pharmacology model was developed describing the coagulation network to monitor clotting factor levels under warfarin, enoxaparin, and rivaroxaban treatment. The model allowed for estimation of all factor rate constants and production rates. Predictions of individual coagulation factor time courses under steady-state warfarin, enoxaparin, and rivaroxaban treatment reflected the suppression of protein C and protein S under warfarin compared to rivaroxaban and enoxaparin. The model may be used as a tool during clinical practice to predict effects of anticoagulants on individual clotting factor time courses and optimize antithrombotic therapy.
CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2016 10
PMID:Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Model to Predict the Effects of Commonly Used Anticoagulants on the Human Coagulation Network. 2764 67