Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033036 (APC)
 10,214 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Renal Na+ handling abnormalities have been shown in preascitic cirrhosis. To investigate the underlying pathophysiology, the effects of different sodium intakes on Na(+) balance and renal hemodynamics were assessed at 100 mEq Na+/day (low-sodium diet [LSD]) and after 6 days of 250 mEq Na+/day (high-sodium diet [HSD]). Eight asymptomatic patients with cirrhosis (Pugh-Child A class) (PAC) and 10 healthy controls (CON) were studied. At HSD, although CON readjusted Na+ excretion within the fourth day, PAC did not reach the new balance and developed a final greater Na+ retention (+437 mEq in PAC v +228 mEq in CON, P<.001). In PAC, fractional Na+ excretion (FENa) was significantly lower than in CON at LSD (P<.05), and, after HSD, increased in both groups (P<.05). In PAC, renal vascular resistances (RVR) at LSD resulted lower than in CON (P<.05) and failed to decrease after HSD. As a consequence, after HSD, glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow failed to increase in PAC. PRA and plasma aldosterone were significantly lower in PAC, than in CON at LSD (P<.05), and decreased in both groups after HSD (P<.05). Proximal Na+ reabsorption (RProx) [as indicated by fractional free water clearance measured in a state of maximal water diuresis] at LSD was lower in PAC than in CON (P<.05) and decreased in both groups after HSD (P<.05). In summary, early stages of cirrhosis are characterized by: (1) a reduction of RVR, probably associated with splanchnic vasodilation; (2) a Na+ retention already at LSD, as indicated by the lower FENa observed in PAC, that produces extracellular volume (ECV) expansion, with a consequent RProx and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis (RAS) suppression; (3) a greater Na+ retention after HSD, associated with an abnormal adaptation of renal hemodynamic, a greater ECV expansion and a consequent Rprox and RAS suppression. These data show the presence of early renal hemodynamic dysfunction in PAC. Our findings also show in this phase of the disease a preserved adaptation of RProx and RAS, thus suggesting that the observed tubular Na+ reabsorption derangement is probably related to abnormal ANP behavior.
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PMID:Sodium retention in preascitic stage of cirrhosis. 1132 May 1

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of saliva contamination on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets, at various stages of the bonding procedure using a new self-etch primer. Brackets were bonded to 52 extracted human molars according to one of the following four protocols. Group I (uncontaminated control): A self-etch acidic primer, Angel I (3M/ESPE Minneapolis, Minn) was placed on the enamel for 15 seconds, gently dried with air, and light cured for 10 seconds. Precoated brackets APC II (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) were then placed on the teeth and light cured for 20 seconds. Group II: The enamel surface was first contaminated with human saliva for 10 seconds, blown off with an air syringe for five seconds. The bonding procedure was then repeated as in group I. Group III: The self-etch primer was applied for 15 seconds, gently dried with air, and light cured for 10 seconds. The surface was then contaminated with human saliva for 10 seconds, blown off with an air syringe for five seconds. The precoated brackets were then bonded as in groups I and II. Group IV: The enamel surface was contaminated with human saliva for 10 seconds, blown off with an air syringe for five seconds. The self-etch primer was applied. The surface was then re-contaminated with human saliva for 10 seconds, blown off with an air-syringe for five seconds. The precoated brackets were then bonded as in groups I, II, and III. The results of the analysis of variance (F = 4.79) indicated that the shear bond strengths of the four groups were significantly different (P = .005). Tukey HSD tests indicated that contamination both before and after the application of the acid-etch primer resulted in a significantly lower (=1.7+/-1.4 MPa) shear bond strength than either the control group (=6.0+/-3.5 MPa) or the groups where contamination occurred either before (=4.8+/-3.3 MPa) or after (=4.8+/-3.3 MPa) the application of the primer. The new acid-etch primer can maintain adequate shear bond strength if contamination occurs either before or after the application of the primer. On the other hand, contamination both before and after the application of the primer significantly reduced the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets.
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PMID:The effect of saliva contamination on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets when using a self-etch primer. 1251 47

The success of bonding brackets to enamel with resin bonding systems is negatively affected by contamination with oral fluids such as blood and saliva. The new self-etch primer systems combine conditioning and priming agents into a single application, making the procedure more cost-effective. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of blood contamination on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets with a new self-etch primer. The brackets (precoated brackets APC II, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) were bonded to 52 extracted human molars according to 1 of 4 protocols. Group I: A self-etch acidic primer, Angel I (3M/ESPE, St. Paul, Minn), was placed on the enamel for 15 seconds, gently dried with air, and light cured for 10 seconds. Brackets were bonded and light cured for 20 seconds. Group II: The enamel surface was contaminated with human blood for 10 seconds, and the blood was blown off with an air syringe for 5 seconds. Angel I was applied on the contaminated surface; the brackets were then bonded and light cured as in group I. Group III: Angel I was applied as described in group I. The surface was then contaminated with human blood for 10 seconds, and the blood was blown off with an air syringe for 5 seconds. Precoated brackets were then bonded as in groups I and II. Group IV: The enamel surface was contaminated with human blood for 10 seconds and blown off with an air syringe for 5 seconds. The self-etch primer, Angel I, was applied as described earlier, and the surface was recontaminated with human blood for 10 seconds, and the blood was blown off with an air syringe for 5 seconds. The brackets were then bonded as in groups I, II, and III. The results of the analysis of variance (F = 13.31) indicated that the shear bond strengths of the 4 groups were significantly different (P =.001). Tukey HSD posterior tests indicated that the uncontaminated control group had a significantly stronger (mean = 6.0 +/- 3.5 megapascal [MPa]) shear bond strength than the groups that had blood contamination, regardless of whether this occurred before (mean = 2.7 +/- 2.4 MPa), after (mean = 1.1 +/- 0.6 MPa), or before and after (mean = 0.5 +/- 0.2 MPa) the application of the self-etch primer. Blood contamination at any stage of the bonding procedure results in a significant and drastic drop in the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets.
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PMID:The effect of blood contamination on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets with the use of a new self-etch primer. 1275 Jun 74