Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033036 (APC)
 10,214 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Medulloblastoma is a malignant, invasive embryonal tumour of the cerebellum which manifests preferentially in children. A subset of cases is associated with colon cancer and APC germline mutations (Turcot syndrome), and APC and beta-catenin point mutations occur in up to 10% of sporadic cases, indicating the involvement of the Wnt pathway in the development of medulloblastoma. In 39 sporadic cerebellar medulloblastomas screeened for alterations in the AXIN1 gene, another component of the Wnt pathway, we found missense AXIN1 mutations in two tumours, CCC-->TCC at codon 255 (exon 1, Pro-->Ser) and TCT-->TGT at codon 263 (exon 1, Ser-->Cys). Furthermore, the A allele at the G/A polymorphism at nucleotide 16 in intron 4 was significantly over-represented in medulloblastomas (39 cases; G 0.76 vs-A 0.24) compared to healthy individuals (86 cases; G 0.91 vs A 0.09; P=0.0027). RT-PCR revealed large deletions in the AXIN1 gene in 5/12 (42%) medulloblastomas, consistent with a previous report. However, we observed such deletions at a similar frequency also in normal brain tissue (6/12, 50%). Since there are multiple complementary, inverted sequences present in the AXIN1 gene, these large deletions may represent RT-PCR errors due to stem-loop secondary structures.
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PMID:AXIN1 mutations but not deletions in cerebellar medulloblastomas. 1255 76

Urothelial carcinomas (TCC) constitute the vast majority of bladder cancers in most of the world. On the other hand, squamous cell bladder carcinoma, a rare subtype in the Western world, is a common subtype in areas with endemic Schistosoma infection. Although schistosomal infection has been reported to influence DNA methylation, the pattern and extent of CpG island hypermethylation in squamous cell carcinomas remain unknown. In this study, we used methylation-specific PCR to characterize 12 cancer-related genes in 41 bladder cancer samples from Egypt (31 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), 21 of them associated with Schistosoma and 10 TCC, five of which were Schistosoma-associated). The genes analyzed included E-cadherin, DAP-Kinase, O6MGMT, p14, p15, p16, FHIT, APC, RASSF1A, GSTP1, RARbeta and p73. Methylation of at least one gene was detected in all squamous cell tumors except two, and 45% of samples had at least three methylated genes. The average methylation index was 0.24, corresponding to three of the 12 analyzed genes. Schistosoma-associated tumors had more genes methylated than non-Schistosoma tumors (average MI: 0.29 vs 0.14) (P = 0.027). Although the extent of methylation in TCC (average MI: 0.16) was lower than in squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), the overall profile of methylation was similar, with Schistosoma-associated cases having a higher methylation index. Our results suggest that schistosomal involvement associates with a greater degree of epigenetic changes in the bladder epithelium.
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PMID:CpG island methylation in Schistosoma- and non-Schistosoma-associated bladder cancer. 1515 12

The effect of 15 consumable products, including juices, wines, and vinegar, used as rinsing agents on microbial loads of retail skinless, boneless chicken breasts was evaluated in two studies. Ten breasts were rinsed for 1 min with each solution. Samples were swabbed before and after rinsing with a cellulose sponge and evaluated for total aerobic (APC), total coliform (TCC), and generic Escherichia coli counts by Petrifilm methods. No differences were found in initial APC or TCC in either study, with initial mean APC ranging from 5.30 to 7.05 log CFU/cm2 and initial mean TCC ranging from 2.21 to 3.36 log CFU/cm2. In study 1, the APC for breasts rinsed with distilled white vinegar (3.22 log CFU/cm2) was lower than for those rinsed with all other solutions except cranberry juice cocktail (3.86 log CFU/cm2). The TCC for breasts rinsed with distilled white vinegar (0.00 log CFU/cm2) and cranberry juice cocktail (0.20 log CFU/cm2) were lower than those for all other solutions except 10% NaCl (0.43 log CFU/cm2) and 10% NaHCO3 (0.48 log CFU/cm2). In study 2, APC values for breasts rinsed with red wine (5.29 log CFU/cm2) and white wine (5.32 log CFU/cm2) were lower than for breasts rinsed with the other three solutions. The TCC after rinsing with chicken broth (4.48 log CFU/cm2) was higher than for all other solutions except Italian dressing. Although distilled white vinegar was the most effective rinsing agent, all solutions produced lower counts after rinsing, indicating that consumers could use rinsing to remove microorganisms from chicken breast surfaces prior to cooking.
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PMID:Evaluation of consumable household products for decontaminating retail skinless, boneless chicken breasts. 1577 Nov 78

To survey the microbiological quality of beef trimmings and final-ground beef, samples were collected from eight commercial grinding facilities, including trimmings from fed-cattle, culled-beef cows, culled-dairy cows, imported-beef trimmings and finished-ground products. Trim samples (core and purge) and ground product samples (n=586) were evaluated for aerobic plate (APC), total coliform (TCC), Escherichia coli (ECC) and Staphylococcus aureus counts and the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. As fat content in the trimmings increased, APC also increased. Trimmings from fed-cattle had higher (P<0.05) APC and TCC than trimmings from culled-beef cows, culled-dairy cows and imported trimmings. Purge samples produced higher (P<0.05) APC, TCC and ECC than core samples, but there were no difference (P>0.05) across fat percentages in APC, TCC, ECC or S. aureus counts. Final-ground beef samples had a 13.6 and 1.5 % incidence of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp., respectively. The results of this study indicate specific areas of potential that ground beef processors could capitalize upon to further improve the microbiological quality of their finished product. Ground beef processors should focus their efforts on reducing the microbial counts on incoming raw materials, especially those containing large proportions of subcutaneous fat, and processors should no longer incorporate the purge component of raw materials into ground beef. From this study, it is also apparent that ground beef processors should implement sanitation and manufacturing procedures that address L. monocytogenes contamination.
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PMID:Microbiological contamination of raw beef trimmings and ground beef. 2206 2

Ten grain-fed steers or heifers were selected to be dehaired at slaughter, while another 10 cattle (of the same kind) were slaughtered and dressed without dehairing. The carcasses of these animals were evaluated for bacterial contamination (aerobic plate count [APC], total coliform count [TCC], Escherichia coli biotype I, and count and presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes ) after sampling from the brisket, flank, and inside round at each of three sites (after dehiding, after evisceration, and after final carcass washing). Visual defects (hairs and specks) and weight associated with trimmings were also evaluated. Overall, there were no major differences in APC, TCC, or E. coli counts between samples from dehaired cattle and those from conventionally slaughtered animals. Dehaired carcasses had fewer (P < 0.05) visible specks and fewer total carcass defects before trimming (but not after trimming) than did carcasses of conventionally slaughtered animals. There were fewer (P < 0.05) visible hairs both before and after trimming on dehaired carcasses than on conventionally slaughtered animals, and no hair clusters were observed on dehaired carcasses. The average amount of trimmings removed to meet zero tolerance specifications in carcasses of conventionally slaughtered cattle was almost double (2.7 versus 1.4 kg) that required on dehaired animals, but due to large variation among plant personnel involved with trimming the carcasses, the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Overall, dehairing reduced visual contamination evident on beef carcasses but did not decrease the overall bacterial load.
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PMID:Effects of Postexsanguination Dehairing on the Microbial Load and Visual Cleanliness of Beef Carcasses. 3115 49