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A large number of cDNAs coding for killer cell inhibitory receptors (KIR) and immunoglobulin-like transcripts (ILT) have already been described, and some of the respective genes are known to map in 19q13.4. To understand the genetic relationships of these transcripts, some of which may be alleles from polymorphic loci, it is necessary to determine the genomic organization of the region. To do so, we performed long-range restriction enzyme mapping of the 19q13.4 region along with YAC and PAC contig construction. Eighteen genes could be assigned to a chromosomal segment of about 600 kb. Twelve KIR loci are contained within approximately 200 kb, bordered by the locus for the Fc receptor for IgA (FCAR) at the telomeric side and by a 150-kb cluster containing ILT loci at the centromeric side. A further region with a maximal size of 135 kb containing at least one ILT gene was identified further centromeric, separated by approximately 50 kb from the ILT region near the KIR cluster. The entire KIR/ILT region revealed a considerable degree of genetic polymorphism as shown, for example, by different restriction maps of two sets of PACs spanning the same region. We suggest the designation "Leukocyte Receptor Cluster" (LRC) for this chromosomal segment.
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PMID:Organization of the leukocyte receptor cluster (LRC) on human chromosome 19q13.4. 992 96

The chromosomal region 19q13.4 harbors the human leukocyte receptor cluster (LRC) which has been demonstrated to contain 19 genes encoding leukocyte-expressed receptors of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. A spotted PAC library was used to construct a contig of 65 overlapping clones spanning the complete LRC. Within the 900 kb covered by the contig, we identified one cluster containing killer cell inhibitory receptor genes and two clusters containing Ig-like transcript (ILT) genes. Of these, the second ILT cluster, located at the centromeric end of the LRC, was previously unknown. Detailed analysis of the ILT receptor genes in this cluster revealed one novel (ILT11) and six already known ILT genes. The two ILT clusters are transcribed in opposite directions and are separated by about 200 kb, which contains two leukocyte-associated inhibitory receptor (LAIR) genes. The data suggest that the two ILT clusters, each including one LAIR locus, arose from a single ancestral ILT/LAIR cluster by inverse duplication of a c large genomic fragment. Furthermore, the NK cell-expressed NKp46 gene was localized 20 kb telomeric of FCAR; and 14 novel genes mapping within the LRC were identified by cDNA selection. Together with the gene for the ribosomal protein S9 (RPS9), which had previously been assigned to 19q13.4, the total number of LRC genes is now 44. Of these, 29 belong to the Ig superfamily.
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PMID:Extensive gene duplications and a large inversion characterize the human leukocyte receptor cluster. 1094 42