Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0033036 (APC)
 10,214 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Between February 1989 and June 1994 193 cases of acute community acquired pneumonia (PAC) which were of intermediate or great severity were admitted to two hospitals in the South West of France. These patients were explored using bronchofibroscopy (FB) with a protected brush (BP) and alveolar microlavage (MLBA) and quantitative cultures were performed, also there were other specimens taken in a regular fashion. The percentage of positive examinations was 60% for brushings (BP), 59% for MLBA and 21% for blood cultures and 16% for serological tests. An aetiology was determined in 137 cases (70.9%). The organisms recovered were Streptococcus pneumoniae (49.6%), gram negative bacilli (17.4%), Haemophilus influenzae (11.7%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (4.4%), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (4.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (3.6%), Chlamydia pneumoniae (2.2%), Legionella pneumophila (0.7%), and various 5.8%. The overall mortality was 15% despite immediate antibiotics based on the likely organism in 88% of cases. The study of prognostic factors confirmed the Fine score system (determined a posteriori) which constitutes a useful and practical index determining the management of PAC. On the other hand the role of bacteriological documentation in improving the vital prognosis remains to be confirmed. If bronchofibroscopy has appeared to us as a safe and useful means of investigation, the management of these disease remains to specified. We suggest that its use is reserved for subjects with life threatening disease (a Fine score equal to or greater than 3) or for those patients who are likely to have unusual germs: failure of previous antibiotics, diabetes, malnourishment, cancer, airflow obstruction and inhalation.
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PMID:[Acute community-acquired pneumonia of moderate and grave severity investigated by bronchoscopy. Analysis of 193 cases hospitalized in a general hospital]. 871 Dec 37

In this article, we describe the characteristics of 12 human colorectal-carcinoma cell lines established from 6 primary tumors and 6 metastatic sites of 11 Korean colorectal-carcinoma patients, including the morphology in vivo and in vitro and mutations of K-ras2, p15, p16, p53, APC, beta-catenin, hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes in vitro. No lines were contaminated with Mycoplasma or bacteria. All lines were proven to be unique by DNA-fingerprinting analysis. All lines expressed the surface carcino-embryonic antigen and secreted it into the supernatant fluid. The morphological correlation between the original tumors and cultured cells suggested that the original tumors showing mucinous adenocarcinoma correlated with floating aggregates in culture, and degree of desmoplasia in the original tumor correlated with attached growth in culture. Five of the cell lines showed mutations in the K-ras2 gene, and 6 of the cell lines showed mutations in the p53 gene. The p15 gene was deleted in 2 cell lines, and the p16 gene was hypermethylated in 3 cell lines. The mutation of mismatch-repair genes (hMLH1 and hMSH2) was found in 4 lines, the APC gene and beta-catenin gene were mutated in 9 and 2 lines respectively. These well-characterized colorectal-cancer cell lines should serve as useful tools for investigating the biological characteristics of colorectal cancer.
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PMID:Establishment and characterization of 12 human colorectal-carcinoma cell lines. 1036 37

Thirteen human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines were established from 10 primary tumors and 3 metastatic tumors obtained from 13 Korean patients. Characteristics of the cell lines including morphology in vivo and in vitro; mutations of the K-ras, p53, APC and MMR genes and microsatellite instability (MSI) status in vitro were determined. Expression of drug-sensitivity genes including MDR1, MXR, MRP1 and COX2 was also analyzed. The cell lines were unique as judged by DNA fingerprinting using 16 short tandem repeats. Eleven of the cell lines grew as adherent populations and the remaining two as floating aggregates. None of the cell lines were contaminated with Mycoplasma or bacteria. All cell lines showed high viability with relatively long doubling times. Six cell lines contained mutations at K-ras. Seven cell lines displayed p53 gene missense, nonsense and frameshift mutations. MSI was found in three cell lines and two cell lines with an MSI-high phenotype-possessed hMLH1 mutations. Nine cell lines had an APC mutation. MRP1 was highly expressed in all cell lines, and high expression of MDR1, MXR and COX2 evident in eight, six and six cell lines, respectively. Embryonal stem cell markers (MELK, SOX4 and OCT4) were expressed in most of cell lines. The cancer stem cell biomarkers CD133, CD44 and Lgr5 were expressed in 12, 13 and 13 cell lines, respectively. The presently well-characterized CRC cell lines should be useful in investigations of the biological characteristics of CRC, particularly for investigations related to gene alterations associated with CRC and biology of cancer stem cells.
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PMID:Establishment and characterization of 13 human colorectal carcinoma cell lines: mutations of genes and expressions of drug-sensitivity genes and cancer stem cell markers. 2017 55

Artificial chromosomes (ACs) are genetic-engineered vector systems with defined native chromosomal elements. ACs have large carrying capacity and genetic stability without integration into host genome, thus avoiding random insertion and positional effects. ACs were first successfully developed in yeast (Yeast artificial chromosome, YAC), and then in bacterium (Bacterial artificial chromosome, BAC), human (Human artificial chromosome, HAC), and plant (Plant artificial chromosome, PAC). Here, we summarized recent progress on ACs, especially, on PAC. To date, YAC and BAC have been widely applied in genome sequencing and gene isolation, while HAC and PAC have been subjected to gene therapy, protein production, and plant transgenesis, respectively. Recently, American scientists reported a man-made genome of prokaryote Mycoplasma mycoides. However, like ACs, this man-made genome was also genetic-engineered product and can't survive as an independent life without a cellular environment.
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PMID:[Advances and perspectives in artificial chromosomes]. 2148 17

Similar to nucleated cells, erythrocytes may undergo suicidal death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage, cell membrane blebbing and cell membrane phospholipid scrambling. Eryptotic cells are removed and thus prevented from undergoing hemolysis. Eryptosis is stimulated by Ca(2+) following Ca(2+) entry through unspecific cation channels. Ca(2+) sensitivity is enhanced by ceramide, a product of acid sphingomyelinase. Eryptosis is triggered by hyperosmolarity, oxidative stress, energy depletion, hyperthermia and a wide variety of xenobiotics and endogenous substances. Eryptosis is inhibited by nitric oxide, catecholamines and a variety of further small molecules. Erythropoietin counteracts eryptosis in part by inhibiting the Ca(2+)-permeable cation channels but by the same token may foster formation of erythrocytes, which are particularly sensitive to eryptotic stimuli. Eryptosis is triggered in several clinical conditions such as iron deficiency, diabetes, renal insufficiency, myelodysplastic syndrome, phosphate depletion, sepsis, haemolytic uremic syndrome, mycoplasma infection, malaria, sickle-cell anemia, beta-thalassemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-(G6PD)-deficiency, hereditary spherocytosis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and Wilson's disease. Enhanced eryptosis is observed in mice with deficient annexin 7, cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I (cGKI), AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK, anion exchanger AE1, adenomatous polyposis coli APC and Klotho as well as in mouse models of sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. Eryptosis is decreased in mice with deficient phosphoinositide dependent kinase PDK1, platelet activating factor receptor, transient receptor potential channel TRPC6, janus kinase JAK3 or taurine transporter TAUT. If accelerated eryptosis is not compensated by enhanced erythropoiesis, clinically relevant anemia develops. Eryptotic erythrocytes may further bind to endothelial cells and thus impede microcirculation.
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PMID:Killing me softly - suicidal erythrocyte death. 2256 48

Mycoplasma arthritidis-derived mitogen (MAM) is a member of the superantigen family that structurally differs from other members while still capable of initiating cognate APC/T cell interaction. In addition to the critical role of MHC class II molecules, it has been suggested that TLR2 and TLR4 may cooperate with MHC class II during MAM-induced responses. In this study, we investigated the direct involvement of TLR2 and TLR4 in MAM binding and presentation to T cells. Our results showed that MAM fails to bind to TLR2- and TLR4-transfected cells. However, coexpression of TLR2 or TLR4 with HLA-DR significantly increases MAM binding and the subsequent T cell activation compared with cells expressing HLA-DR alone. The upregulated MAM binding and activity in HLA-DR/TLR-transfected cells is abrogated by an anti-HLA-DR Ab. Interestingly, we also found that MAM complexed with soluble HLA-DR is capable of binding to both TLR2 and TLR4. The enhancing effect of TLR2 or TLR4 on MAM-induced T cell proliferation was not due to TLR ligand contamination in the MAM preparation. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that binding of MAM to HLA-DR leads to a conformational change in MAM structure allowing its interaction with TLR2 and TLR4 and a better recognition by T cells.
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PMID:Coexpression of TLR2 or TLR4 with HLA-DR potentiates the superantigenic activities of Mycoplasma arthritidis-derived mitogen. 2449 19