Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032617 (polyuria)
 3,056 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Edema of variable severity is an uncommon complication of insulin treatment. Increased sodium reabsorption, transient proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia are the most frequently reported laboratory disorders at the time of edema formation. This case report describes a 44-yr-old man with a 4-month history of anorexia, polyuria, polydipsia and weight loss of 25 kg who presented with diabetic ketoacidosis. On admission, there were no clinical or laboratory signs of volume depletion. Following insulin treatment he developed marked insulin edema and a cluster of abnormalities, including decreased sodium excretion, hypokalemia, hypouricemia, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and anemia. The diagnostic work-up showed the presence of high renin and aldosterone values despite the absence of evident hypovolemia and no evidence of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, renal, thyroid, hepatic or other endocrine disorder. Complement values were normal; autonomic neuropathy and venoocclusive intraabdominal lesions were excluded and no other drugs except insulin were administered. Initiation of spironolactone was associated with prompt resolution of the edema and gradual correction of the laboratory abnormalities. Our findings show that hyperaldosteronism may occur in patients with insulin edema, even in the absence of volume depletion, contributing to the development of increased sodium reabsorption and of other laboratory disorders.
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PMID:A case of insulin edema with inappropriate hyperaldosteronism. 1576 45

Meal contaminated by Datura stramonium seeds at the rate of 0.5% by weight was fed to two horses. Both horses showed clinical signs of depression, anorexia, weight loss, rapid heart and respiration rates, mydriasis, polyuria, polydipsia and diarrhoea. Both recovered with treatment. Maize screenings contaminated by the seeds had been used in the manufacture of the meal.
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PMID:The toxicity of Datura stramonium (thorn apple) to horses. 1603 Oct 44

The present study, carried out in rats, is a contribution to explore physiological mechanisms underlying lithium toxicity. Male and female mature rats were divided into three groups and fed on commercial pellets: group (C) was control, group (Li1) was given 2000 mg lithium carbonate/kg of food, and group (Li2) was given 4000 mg lithium carbonate/kg of food. If we take into account the BW of the rats and the quantity of food they eat every day, we can estimate that the quantities of lithium carbonate ingested per day and kilogram of BW are, respectively, for the groups Li1 and Li2, of 212 mg (5,738 mmol Li) and 323 mg (8,742 mmol Li) for the males, and about 190 mg (5,142 mmol Li) and 289 mg (7,822 mmol Li) for the females. After 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, serum concentrations of lithium, creatinine, free triiodothyronine (FT3) and thyroxine (FT4), testosterone and estradiol were measured. Attention was also paid to growth rate and a histological examination of testes or vaginal mucosa was carried out. In treated rats, a dose-dependent loss of appetite and a decrease in growth rate were observed together with polydipsia, polyuria, and diarrhoea. Lithium serum concentrations were found to increase from 0.44 mM (day 7) to 1.34 mM (day 28) in Li1 rats and from 0.66 to 1.45 mM (day 14) in Li2 rats. Treatment was stopped at day 14 in Li2 rats because of a high mortality. The significant increase of creatinine that appeared, respectively, at day 7 and 14 in Li2 and Li1 rats shows that serum lithium concentrations ranging from 0.62 to 0.75 mM were able to induce renal insufficiency, secondarily leading to a time-dependent rise in lithium serum concentrations. A significant decrease of serum thyroxine (FT4) and triiodothyronine (FT3) levels was observed for lithium concentrations ranging from: 0.66 to 0.75 mmol l(-1) (Li2 rats) to 1.27 mmol l(-1) (Li1 rats). This effect was more pronounced for FT3, suggesting a defect of FT4/FT3 conversion. Under lithium treatment, the testosterone level decreased and spermatogenesis was stopped. By contrast, in treated female rats, estradiol level was found to be increased in a dose-dependent manner and animals were blocked in the diestrus phase at day 28. These results show that lithium can rapidly induce toxic effects in the rat at concentrations used for the treatment of bipolar disorders in human.
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PMID:[Side effects of low serum lithium concentrations on renal, thyroid, and sexual functions in male and female rats]. 1628 79

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is characterized by excessive PTH secretion in respect to calcium homeostasis needs, due to parathyroid adenoma (80% of cases), hyperplasia (15-20%), or carcinoma (1-2%). In familial forms of PHPT, several mutations have an established role: menin gene for MEN type 1, RET for MEN type 2a, calcium-sensing receptor gene for familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, parafibromin gene for PHPT-jaw tumour and carcinoma. Etiology of sporadic adenomas (80% of PHPT cases) is less defined, being most commonly found a mutation of menin gene or activation of PRAD1 oncogene. In recent years, the classical features of the disease became less common. Typically, bone involvement is now represented by a reduced bone mass at skeletal sites more rich in cortical tissue. Prominently trabecular skeletal sites are relatively spared, because of the anabolic effects of a slight PTH excess on trabecular tissue. PHPT patients may have increased fracture risk, though it is not clear why bone damage is more severe in a subgroup of patients. Clinical features of hypercalcemia may be fatigue, anorexia, thirst, and polyuria. Vague neurological and psychiatric symptoms, such as weakness, anxiety, depression, paresthesias, and muscular cramps may ameliorate after parathyroidectomy. Recent reports indicate increased cardiovascular mortality in PHPT patients. Diagnosis is based on the detection of hypercalcemia, together with inappropriately high serum PTH levels. Preoperative localization of the diseased glands is mandatory in persistent or recurrent PHPT, as like as when minimally invasive surgery is planned. High resolution ultrasonography and SPECT double-phase 99m Tc-sestamibi scintigraphy are the most commonly employed techniques. Intraoperatory PTH assay may confirm successful surgery when serum concentrations decrease more than 50%. Surgical therapy is indicated in patients with renal or skeletal complications, such as in those with previous parathyrotoxic crisis. Many surgeons in recent years adopted minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. Medical treatment is an option for patients unwilling or unfitted for surgery because of severe concomitant diseases. Employed therapy includes estrogens, SERMs, bisphosphonates and calcimimetics.
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PMID:[Primary hyperparathyroidism]. 1638 70

Hypercalcemia associated with malignancies is reported in up to 20 to 30% of patients with cancer during the course of the disease, and points to a poor prognosis. Symptoms related to the central nervous system, as progressive mental impairment, stupor and coma, predominate. Alterations in kidney function (water-concentrating defect leading to polyuria) and gastrointestinal tract (anorexia, nausea, vomiting) corroborate to dehydration and a further increase in serum calcium. Cancer-induced hypercalcemia may be classified as: 1) local osteolytic hypercalcemia (LOH), due to marked increase in osteoclastic bone resorption in areas surrounding the malignant cells within the marrow space; 2) humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, caused by the secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) by the malignant tumor; 3) ectopic hyperparathyroidism; 4) 1,25(OH)2 D-secreting tumors. Adequate control of hypercalcemia is necessary to give the patient time to respond to anti-cancer therapy. Volume expansion with saline will correct dehydration, improve glomerular filtration and increase urinary calcium excretion, which may be further stimulated by loop diuretics. Intravenous bisphosphonates are the most effective agents to control hypercalcemia, as they block osteoclastic osteolysis and also have antitumoral effects, decreasing bone metastases. New approaches to control the skeletal manifestations of malignancies are anti-PTHrP and anti-RANKL antibodies, osteoprotegerin, and also proteasome inhibitors in the case of multiple myeloma.
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PMID:[Hypercalcemia of malignancy: clinical features, diagnosis and treatment]. 1644 66

The case of a 38 years old man with generalized pains fatigue, anorexia, constipation, polyuria serum calcium level of 20.6mg/dl in paired renal function parathyroid hormone is presented. Sestamibi scan showed a functioning left inferior parathyroid tumor, which was successfully removed. Before surgery he was managed with rehydration, diuretics and pamidronate infusion. Five months post surgery the serum calcium levels are normal and renal function has improved.
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PMID:Minimally symptomatic severe hypercalcaemia in a patient with parathyroid carcinoma. 1645 35

Lithium therapy, mainly used in curing some psychiatric diseases, is responsible for numerous undesirable side effects. The present study is a contribution to the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying lithium toxicity. Male and female mature rats were divided into three batches and fed commercial pellets: one batch was the control and the second and third batches were given 2 g (Li1) and 4 g (Li2) of lithium carbonate/kg of food/day, respectively. After 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, serum levels of free tri-iodothyronine (FT3), thyroxine (FT4), testosterone and estradiol were measured. Attention was also paid to growth rate and a histological examination of testes or vaginal mucosa was carried out. In treated rats, a dose-dependent loss of appetite and a decrease in growth rate were observed, together with symptoms of polydypsia, polyuria and diarrhea. Lithium serum concentrations increased from 0.44 mM (day 7) to 1.34 mM (day 28) in Li1 rats and from 0.66 to 1.45 mM (day 14) in Li2 rats. Li2 treatment induced a high mortality after 14 days, reaching 50-60% in female and male animals. From these data, the LD50 (14 days Li2 chronic treatment) was calculated to be about 0.3 g/day per kilogram of animal, leading to Li serum concentrations of about 1.4 mM. A significant decrease of FT3 and FT4 was observed in treated rats. This effect appeared immediately for the highest dose and was more pronounced for FT3, resulting in an increase of the FT4/FT3 ratio. In males, testosterone decreased and spermatogenesis was stopped. Conversely, in females, estradiol increased in a dose-dependent manner as the animals were blocked in the diestrus phase at day 28. This finding supports a possible antagonistic effect of lithium on the estradiol receptors.
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PMID:Changes in growth rate and thyroid- and sex-hormones blood levels in rats under sub-chronic lithium treatment. 1675 66

Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism is an extremely rare condition in cats. Twelve cats with a medical history of progressive skin lesions and long-term treatment with corticosteroids were retrospectively studied. Noncutaneous signs in the cats were variable and included anorexia, lethargy, polydipsia, polyuria, and atrophy of the thigh muscles. Laboratory abnormalities included leukocytosis, elevated alanine aminotransferase levels, and hyperglycemia. Transient diabetes mellitus was a secondary complication in four cats, and transient hypothyroidism was suspected in four cats. The mean time for regression of signs was 4.9 months after corticosteroid withdrawal.
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PMID:Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism in 12 cats. 1708 87

Glomerular polycystic kidney disease was diagnosed in an 11 month old, female, Blue Merle Collie. Clinical signs (polyuria, polydipsia, vomiting, diarrhea, partial anorexia) and laboratory work (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, serum phosphorus, specific gravity, proteinuria, nonregenerative anemia) indicated chronic renal failure.However, after the study of a biopsy specimen, a definitive diagnosis was reached and the prognosis was determined. Necropsy findings and histopathological studies revealed: presence of glomerular cysts, atrophy of glomerular tufts and sclerosis of the interstitial tissue.
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PMID:Glomerular polycystic kidney disease in a dog (blue merle collie). 1742 9

We encountered a rare case of neurohypophyseal germinoma with a prominent granulomatous reaction, which invaded the right cavernous sinus. The neuroimaging and histopathology features in this case were unique, distinguishing it from other types of suprasellar lesions. A 13-year-old boy presented with loss of appetite and polyuria; both symptoms were present for 1 year, and headache, general fatigue and blurred vision present for the prior 2 months. On admission, neurological examination indicated bitemporal hemianopsia and optic atrophy. Endocrinological exam showed panhypopituitarism. Tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein, human growth hormone, carcinoembryonic antigen, and placental alkaline phosphatase were negative. Brain CT revealed a suprasellar tumor with calcification. MR T(1)-weighted and T(2)-weighted images showed the tumor to be isointense to normal brain parenchyma and to be enhanced densely. The tumor also involved the right cavernous sinus, so that a biopsy was performed by the transsphenoidal approach. On pathologic examination of the specimen, typical large tumor cells with lymphocytic cell infiltration and prominent granulomatous reaction were observed. Neurohypophyseal granulomatous germinoma was diagnosed. Radiotherapy was performed with a total dose of 51 Gy and the tumor shrank remarkably. The patient returned to school under hormone replacement therapy.
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PMID:Neurohypophyseal granulomatous germinoma invading the right cavernous sinus: case report and review of the literature. 1762 46


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