Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0032463 (polycythemia vera)
 3,374 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A hallmark of persistent HIV-1 infection in the central nervous system is increased activation of mononuclear phagocytes and surrounding astrogliosis, conferring persistent HIV-induced inflammation. This inflammation is believed to result in neuronal dysfunction and the clinical manifestations of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The Jak/STAT pathway is activated in macrophages/myeloid cells upon HIV-1 infection, modulating many pro-inflammatory pathways that result in HAND, thereby representing an attractive cellular target. Thus, the impact of ruxolitinib, a Janus Kinase (Jak) 1/2 inhibitor that is FDA approved for myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera, was assessed for its potential to inhibit HIV-1 replication in macrophages and HIV-induced activation in monocytes/macrophages in culture. In addition, a murine model of HIV encephalitis (HIVE) was used to assess the impact of ruxolitinib on histopathological features of HIVE, brain viral load, as well as its ability to penetrate the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Ruxolitinib was found to inhibit HIV-1 replication in macrophages, HIV-induced activation of monocytes (CD14/CD16) and macrophages (HLA-DR, CCR5, and CD163) without apparent toxicity. In vivo, systemically administered ruxolitinib was detected in the brain during HIVE in SCID mice and markedly inhibited astrogliosis. Together, these data indicate that ruxolitinib reduces HIV-induced activation and infiltration of monocytes/macrophages in vitro, reduces the replication of HIV in vitro, penetrates the BBB when systemically administered in mice and reduces astrogliosis in the brains of mice with HIVE. These data suggest that ruxolitinib will be useful as a novel therapeutic to treat humans with HAND.
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PMID:The Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib reduces HIV replication in human macrophages and ameliorates HIV encephalitis in a murine model. 2685 3

Bone marrow (BM) fibrosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) is associated with a poor prognosis. The development of myelofibrosis and differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells to profibrotic myofibroblasts depends on macrophages. Here, we compared macrophage frequencies in BM biopsies of MPN patients and controls (patients with non-neoplastic processes), including primary myelofibrosis (PMF, n = 18), essential thrombocythemia (ET, n = 14), polycythemia vera (PV, n = 12), and Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML, n = 9). In PMF, CD68-positive macrophages were greatly increased compared to CML (p = 0.017) and control BM (p < 0.001). Similar findings were observed by CD163 staining (PMF vs. CML: p = 0.017; PMF vs. control: p < 0.001). Moreover, CD68-positive macrophages were increased in PV compared with ET (p = 0.009) and reactive cases (p < 0.001). PMF had higher frequencies of macrophages than PV (CD68: p < 0.001; CD163: p < 0.001) and ET (CD68: p < 0.001; CD163: p < 0.001). CD163 and CD68 were often co-expressed in macrophages with stellate morphology in Philadelphia chromosome-negative MPN, resulting in a sponge-like reticular network that may be a key regulator of unbalanced hematopoiesis in the BM space and may explain differences in cellularity and clinical course.
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PMID:Macrophage frequency in the bone marrow correlates with morphologic subtype of myeloproliferative neoplasm. 3310 81