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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Five sheep with ovine pulmonary carcinoma were markedly dyspneic and had sporadic coughing; two had copious watery nasal exudate. In four, lesions consisted of multifocal nodules of neoplastic cuboidal epithelial cells in acinar or papillary patterns. Electron microscopically, cells had microvilli, tight junctions, and cytoplasmic lamellar bodies typical of alveolar type II cells. One sheep had a single lung tumor of nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells. Vacuolated alveolar macrophages surrounded adenomatous foci. One sheep had a metastatic lesion in the caudal mediastinal lymph node. All sheep had histologic lesions of lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP, ovine progressive pneumonia) consisting of peribronchiolar and interstitial lymphoid hyperplasia, and fibromuscular proliferation; all had serum precipitating antibodies to ovine lentivirus. Lung fluids or tumor homogenates contained a 26-kd peptide that crossreacted with a primate-derived type D retrovirus as detected by immunoblotting or interspecies competition radioimmunoassay. Ovine lentivirus was isolated from concentrated lung fluids or tumor tissues of four sheep tested and from tumor cell DNA of one animal transfected into ovine muscle cells. These studies document the presence of type D-related retrovirus antigen in ovine pulmonary carcinoma (OPC) in the United States and indicate that lentivirus-induced LIP is a lesion frequently associated with this disease.
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PMID:Lesions and retroviruses associated with naturally occurring ovine pulmonary carcinoma (sheep pulmonary adenomatosis). 283 Jun 97

Liebow classified the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias as usual (UIP), desquamative (DIP), bronchiolitis obliterans (BIP), lymphoid (LIP), and giant cell (GIP) interstitial pneumonias. This classification was modified to exclude LIP and GIP. UIP, the most common type, is characterized by synchronous foci of inflammation, collagen deposition, and fibrosis with interspersed normal lung. It usually affects men 40-60 years old and manifests radiologically with bilateral, basilar irregular opacities and volume loss. In most cases, a confident diagnosis can be made at high-resolution computed tomography because of characteristic subpleural irregular linear opacities, ground-glass opacities, honeycombing, and traction bronchiectasis. DIP affects younger patients and is characterized by diffuse intraalveolar macrophage aggregation. Typical radiologic features include bilateral, basilar ground-glass opacities and preserved lung volumes. BIP, renamed bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia, affects middle-aged patients and manifests with multifocal plugs of immature fibroblasts in the air spaces. Typical radiologic features include bilateral consolidations and normal lung volumes. Recently described entities include acute (AIP) and nonspecific (NIP) interstitial pneumonias and respiratory bronchiolitis with interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD). AIP is a rapidly progressive, often fatal, illness characterized by diffuse alveolar damage and manifests with clinical and radiologic features of adult respiratory distress syndrome. NIP is a heterogeneous group of fibrosing disorders that cannot be otherwise classified. RB-ILD is a disease of smokers with a good prognosis.
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PMID:The alphabet soup revisited: the chronic interstitial pneumonias in the 1990s. 888 88

We examined the incidence and clinical outcome of late-onset noninfectious pulmonary complications (LONIPC) in a series of 234 patients who underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation at our institution between April 1982 and October 1996. The 179 patients who survived 3 months or more were evaluated. Clinical, radiologic, pulmonary function, and pathologic tests were reviewed to identify 18 patients (10%) who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of LONIPC. Accordingly, the pulmonary processes included bronchiolitis obliterans (BO, five patients), bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP, three patients), diffuse alveolar damage (DAD, one patient), lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP, one patient), and nonclassifiable interstitial pneumonia (NCIP, eight patients). Various methods of enhanced immunosuppressive therapy resulted in marked durable remission in nine patients (50%) (3/3 with BOOP, 3/8 with NCIP, 1/1 with DAD, 1/1 with LIP, 1/5 with BO). The presence of chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) and prophylaxis for GVHD with cyclosporine and prednisone were the only variables significantly associated with the development of LONIPC (P = 0.0001 and 0.008, respectively). Regardless of histology, a reduction in the forced expiratory volume to < 45% of the predicted range was associated with poor response to treatment. These findings suggest a strong association between cGVHD and LONIPC and that the risk of LONIPC development may be influenced by the particular method of GVHD prophylaxis. Most patients with BOOP or mild airflow limitation at diagnosis achieved durable remissions.
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PMID:Late-onset noninfectious pulmonary complications after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. 953 34

We investigated the frequency of finger clubbing in 150 HIV-infected children consecutively hospitalized for acute pneumonia in South Africa and described associated clinical, laboratory and radiological features. Clubbing occurred in 30 of 150 (20%) HIV-infected children compared with one of 99 (1%) HIV-negative control patients, p < 0.001. Clubbing was associated with lower presenting heart and respiratory rates and enlarged parotid glands. Total and CD4 + lymphocytes, CD4:CD8 ratio and LDH were lower in children with clubbing, but serum protein and gammaglobulin were higher. No differences in the prevalence or type of microbial pathogens were found between the two groups. Clubbing was associated with a radiological diagnosis of LIP. Children with clubbing had a lower in-hospital mortality rate than those without clubbing (6.7% vs 24.2%, p = 0.035). In geographical areas with high HIV seroprevalence rates, the presence of clubbing in a child hospitalized for respiratory disease should raise the suspicion of HIV infection.
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PMID:Finger clubbing in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 1128 40

The classification scheme of interstitial lung diseases has undergone numerous revisions. The criteria for distinguishing seven distinct subtypes of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias are now well defined by consensus in the recently published ATS/ERS classification of these lung diseases. In our present review the histological patterns of the different types are described and the differential diagnosis of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias is discussed. Surgical lung biopsy remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of interstitial pneumonias, and sampling from at least 2 sites is recommended. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical biopsy is the preferred method for obtaining lung tissue as this procedure offers a similar yield as an open thoracotomy The most common histological subtype of chronic interstitial lung disease is the usual interstitial pneumonia [UIP] which makes up 47-71% of cases. The key histologic features include patchy subpleural and paraseptal distribution of remodeling lung architecture with dense fibrosis, frequent honeycombing, and large fibroblastic foci. Temporal and spatial heterogeneity are the hallmarks. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia [NSIP] occurs primarily in middle-aged women who have never smoked, with more than 5-years survival rate in 80% of patients. The major feature of NSIP is a uniform interstitial thickening of alveolar septa by a fibrosing or cellular process. The cardinal histological feature in respiratory bronchiolitis and desquamative pneumonia is an excess of intraalveolar histiocytes. In both patterns, there is variable interstitial fibrosis and chronic inflammation, and a strong association with a history of smoking. Organizing pneumonia (idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing pneumonia [BOOP]) is not strictly an interstitial process, because the alveoli and bronchioles are filled by intraluminal polyps of fibroblastic tissue and the expansion of the interstitium is mild. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia [LIP] is currently viewed as a pattern of diffuse reactive pulmonary hyperplasia associated in most cases with EB virus, immunosuppression, or a connective tissue disorder. Malignant transformation may rarely occur. A dense mixed interstitial lymphoid infiltrate is a typical histological finding. Diffuse alveolar damage [DAD] from unknown causes is termed acute interstitial pneumonia [AIP], and is synonymous with cases of Hamman-Rich disease. Hyaline membranes in the exsudative phase and marked expansion of the interstitium later are present.
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PMID:[Histopathological classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias]. 2128 Feb 74

Respiratory disease is the commonest cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected children. While the pattern of HIV-related pneumonia in African adults is well documented and is recognised as quite different from that which occurs among HIV-infected adults in high-income regions, less is known of the situation in children. Most children are infected by mother-to-child transmission and presentation of HIV-related pneumonia is often in infancy or early childhood, an age group in which confirmation of the cause of pneumonia is difficult. However, aetiological data are important. Poor response of the infant with severe pneumonia to standard antibiotic (such as chloramphenicol) or of the older child with chronic pneumonia to anti-tuberculosis treatment are two very common clinical dilemmas that many Malawian health workers would recognise. This review aims to present the available data relevant to Malawi, contrast with experience from the developed world and to describe common HIV-related pneumonias such as PCP and LIP. Unlike for adults, the pattern of HIV-related pneumonia in Malawian children may not be so different in cause from that described for children in developed countries prior to the use of PCP prophylaxis and anti-retroviral therapies. The most important contrast is the higher prevalence and poorer outcome.
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PMID:The impact of HIV infection on childhood pneumonia: comparison between developed and developing regions. 2752 35