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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Serological surveys on several infections were performed on the inbred mouse strains maintained at the Central Institute for Experimental Animals. In the first survey, 11 strains of mouse, which were 8 weeks of age or older and were kept in separate cages in the same animal room, were tested for antibodies to Salmonella enteritidis, Corynebacterium kutscheri, Tyzzer's organisms, Mycoplasma pulmonis, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), Sendai virus (HVJ), pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) and minute virus of mice (MVM). Positive results were obtained in MHV, HVJ, PVM and MVM. Positive rates for these viruses except for MVM were different among mouse strains. In the second survey, 5 strains of mouse kept together in the same cage for 4 weeks after weaning were examined for MHV and HVJ antibodies. Positive rates to MHV were different among mouse strains as observed in the first survey. For HVJ antibody, no difference was demonstrated in positive rates unlike in the first survey, but the titers varied between the strains. These results suggest the difference in antibody response to natural infections dependent on mouse strains.
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PMID:[Serological examinations on natural infections with mouse pathogens in inbred mouse strains: difference in antibody detection among the strains (author's transl)]. 63 Dec

Three cases of naturally occurring hemolytic streptococcus infection were detected in guinea-pigs which had been delivered from different sources to the Division of Animal Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, during the period from November, 1976, till February, 1977. The clinical manifestations of the infection were differentiated into two types; ie, the acute type with sepsis and pneumonia as main pathologic changes, and the chronic type with abscess formation of submaxillary lymph node. Streptococcus zooepidemicus was isolated from the conjunctiva of about 56% of these guinea-pigs. Healthy guinea-pigs housed with spontaneously infected ones in the same cage suffered from the infection, showing manifestation and pathologic changes similar to the spontaneous cases. Some of them, however, remained apparently healthy for about 2 months harboring the organisms in the conjunctiva or nasal cavity. It is presumed that such carriers become a source of the infection in nature.
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PMID:[Three cases of hemolytic Streptococcus infection in guinea-pigs (author's transl)]. 66 16

Knowledge of the pathogenesis of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been derived primarily from experimental infection of rodents. As part of an effort to establish a model with a closer resemblance to man, three seronegative, young, adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were inoculated with M. pneumoniae (10(7.4) cfu per animal) by oropharyngeal administration of coarse-particle aerosol. Five to six days after exposure of the animals, cultures obtained from the upper respiratory tract were positive for M. pneumoniae. Each animal subsequently developed a serologic response, as determined by complement fixation, complement-mediated killing, and tetrazolium-reduction inhibition techniques. Infection was subclinical, and serial chest roentgenograms failed to disclose pneumonia throughout the course of infection. Blood cell counts and titers of cold agglutinins remained unchanged. Althought M. pneumoniae was recovered from the upper respiratory tract of two monkeys for 50 days, there was no evidence of transmission of infection to cage-mate controls inoculated with broth.
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PMID:Experimental production of respiratory tract infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae in rhesus monkeys. 81 46

Young adult, pathogen-free rats of Sherman and Fischer (F344) substrains were inoculated intranasally with 10(8) colony-forming units (GFU) of M. pulmonis and housed for 4 to 6 weeks in environments with ammonia maintained at specific concentrations from 25 to 250 ppm. All levels of NH3--whether produced naturally from soiled bedding or derived from a purified source--significantly increased the severity of the rhinitis, otitis media, tracheitis, and pneumonia (including bronchiectasis) characteristic of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis (MRM). The prevalence of pneumonia, but not that of other respiratory lesions of MRM, showed a strong tendency to increase directly with environmental NH3 concentration. In contrast, NH3 exposure of rats not infected with M. pulmonis caused anatomic lesions that were unlike those of MRM and were limited to the nasal passages. It was concluded that environmental NH3, at concentrations commonly encountered in present day cage environments for rats, plays an important role in pathogenesis of MRM.
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PMID:The role of environmental ammonia in respiratory mycoplasmosis of rats. 97 Apr 35

Percutaneous transfemoral arterial balloon occlusion or gelatin sponge embolization of the splenic artery or both were carried out in three high-risk patients with hepatic cirrhosis to reduce splenic hyperfunction and improve severe thrombocytopenia. Although this maneuver raised peripheral platelet counts in each patient, in one patient left upper quadrant pain with splinting of the lower chest cage led to hypostatic lower lobe pneumonia, while in another septic splentitis with gas-forming organisms necessitated splecectomy. Transfemoral occlusion of the splenic artery, although an effective, noninvasive approach to control splenic hyperfunction, has at the same time potential dangers that should be viewed with extreme caution in therapeutic application.
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PMID:Ischemic therapy in thrombocytopenia from hypersplenism. 98 62

The literature dealing with the magnitude, mechanism and effects of reduced FRC in the perioperative period is reviewed. During general anaesthesia FRC is reduced by approximately 20%. The reduction is greater in the obese and in patients with COPD. The most likely mechanism is the loss of inspiratory muscle tone of the muscles acting on the rib cage. Gas trapping is an additional mechanism. Lung compliance decreases and airways resistance increases, in large part, due to decreased FRC. The larynx is displaced anteriorly and elongated, making laryngoscopy and intubation more difficult. The change in FRC creates or increases intrapulmonary shunt and areas of low ventilation to perfusion. This is due to the occurrence of compression atelectasis, and to regional changes in mechanics and airway closure which tend to reduce ventilation to dependent lung zones which are still well perfused. Abdominal and thoracic operations tend to increase shunting further. Large tidal volume but not PEEP will improve oxygenation, although both increase FRC. Both FRC and vital capacity are reduced following abdominal and thoracic surgery in a predictable pattern. The mechanism is the combined effect of incisional pain and reflex dysfunction of the diaphragm. Additional effects of thoracic surgery include pleural effusion, cooling of the phrenic nerve and mediastinal widening. Postoperative hypoxaemia is a function of reduced FRC and airway closure. There is no real difference among the various methods of active lung expansion in terms of the speed of restoration of lung function, or in preventing postoperative atelectasis/pneumonia. Epidural analgesia does not influence the rate of recovery of lung function, nor does it prevent atelectasis/pneumonia.
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PMID:Perioperative functional residual capacity. 180 4

Rates for microbial cross transmission were measured in sentinel rats housed for 60 days in a fabric-walled mass air flow system. Naturally infected rats housed in the enclosure were the source of the infectious material. The cross transmission rates for rat coronaviruses, Kilham's rat virus, pneumonia virus of mice, Sendai virus, and Toolan's H-1 virus, were measured by positive seroconversion. The mass air flow system did not prevent, over a 60-day period, the transmission of the rat coronaviruses or Sendai virus between rats housed on separate racks maintained 81 cm apart. At 15 days, all sentinel rats had acquired two or more additional bacterial organisms, indicating rapid cage to cage cross transmission. It was concluded that rats from different sources with different microbial profiles should not be housed in this room at the same time.
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PMID:Viral cross contamination of rats maintained in a fabric-walled mass air flow system. 664 88

Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates are commonly found in hypoxic respiratory failure. We have reviewed 16 patients admitted to our medical intensive care unit over a period of 21 months, of whom seven died in hospital. Only patients requiring ventilatory support (CPAP or mechanical ventilation) for respiratory failure due to non-cardiogenic causes were included. All patients met the criteria for the diagnosis of ARDS. Three patients suffered from Wegener's granulomatosis, three from Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, three from bacterial pneumonia, and two from pneumonia. Staphylococcal septicemia, SLE, sarcoidosis, cancer-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome and ARDS of unknown etiology were each found in one patient. We discuss diagnosis and treatment of such patients on the basis of our experience.
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PMID:[Bilateral pulmonary infiltrations in patients admitted to an intensive care unit]. 981 47

Clinical and animal studies indicate that with optimal dosing, penicillin may still be effective against penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococci (PNSP). The present study examined whether the same strains of penicillin-susceptible pneumococci (PSP) and PNSP differed in their pharmacodynamic responses to penicillin by using comparable penicillin dosing regimens in four animal models: peritonitis, pneumonia, and thigh infection in mice and tissue cage infection in rabbits. Two multidrug-resistant isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 6B were used, one for which the penicillin MIC was 0.016 microg/ml and the other for which the penicillin MIC was 1.0 microg/ml. Two additional strains of PNSP were studied in the rabbit. The animals were treated with five different penicillin regimens resulting in different maximum concentrations of drugs in serum (C(max)s) and times that the concentrations were greater than the MIC (T(>MIC)s). The endpoints were bacterial viability counts after 6 h of treatment in the mice and 24 h of treatment in the rabbits. Similar pharmacodynamic effects were observed in all models. In the mouse models bactericidal activity depended on the T(>MIC) and to a lesser extent on the Cmax/MIC and the generation time but not on the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)/MIC. Maximal bactericidal activities were similar for both PSP and PNSP, being the highest in the peritoneum and blood (approximately 6 log10 CFU/ml), followed by the thigh (approximately 3 log10 CFU/thigh), and being the lowest in the lung (approximately 1 log10 CFU/lung). In the rabbit model the maximal effect was approximately 6 log10 CFU/ml after 24 h. In the mouse models bactericidal activity became marked when T(>MIC) was > or =65% of the experimental time and C(max) was > or =15 times the MIC, and in the rabbit model bactericidal activity became marked when T(>MIC) was > or =35%, Cmax was > or =5 times the MIC, and the AUC at 24 h/MIC exceeded 25. By optimization of the Cmax/MIC ratio and T(>MIC), the MIC of penicillin for pneumococci can be used to guide therapy and maximize therapeutic efficacy in nonmeningeal infections caused by PNSP.
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PMID:Penicillin pharmacodynamics in four experimental pneumococcal infection models. 1125 18

Flail chest is associated with a higher morbidity compared with multiple rib fractures, and it requires early intubation. This was a prospective comparative uncontrolled study at an academic level 1 trauma center. Twenty-two patients with flail chest (FLAIL) were compared with 90 patients with more than two rib fractures but no flail chest (RIBS) to determine differences in outcomes such as mortality, significant respiratory complications (pneumonia and adult respiratory distress syndrome), need for mechanical ventilation, and length of hospital stay. Stepwise logistic regression identified independent risk factors of poor outcome. Despite similar age and rates of lung contusion and extrathoracic injury, FLAIL patients had a higher need for mechanical ventilation (86% versus 42%, P < 0.01), higher incidence of significant respiratory complications (64% versus 26%, P < 0.01), and longer hospital stay (28 +/- 21 versus 17 +/- 19 days, P = 0.04) compared with RIBS patients. Flail chest and extrathoracic injuries were independent risk factors of significant respiratory complications. Of 11 FLAIL patients who were not intubated on arrival, eight required intubation within the next 24 hours, often while receiving diagnostic studies in poorly monitored hospital areas; two of these patients suffered morbidity directly related to the delay in intubation. Three patients without associated injuries were managed successfully without intubation. Flail chest is an independent marker of poor outcome among patients with thoracic cage trauma. The majority of patients with flail chest need mechanical ventilatory support and develop significant respiratory complications. In the presence of associated injuries, intubation is unavoidable and should be done under controlled conditions early after arrival to avoid morbidity related to sudden respiratory decompensation.
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PMID:Influence of flail chest on outcome among patients with severe thoracic cage trauma. 1257 8


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