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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To compare the length of stay and charges for patients with pneumonia admitted in 1995 to the teaching and nonteaching services of a Northeastern teaching hospital, we reviewed the charts of 237 patients. Patients cared for by hospital-based generalists working with housestaff (teaching service) were discharged more quickly and with lower or equivalent charges than patients cared for by community-based attending physicians working either with housestaff (private teaching service) or alone (nonteaching service). Academic teaching services staffed by general medicine faculty may provide efficient inpatient pneumonia care.
J Gen Intern Med 1998 Nov
PMID:Economic effects of community versus hospital-based faculty pneumonia care. 982 28

Laser radiation (LR) of various spectral composition has been broadly used in clinical practice. However, the mechanism of the stimulating effects of LR remains obscure. The effect of He-Ne LR (633 nm) on human blood leukocytes was investigated both in the absence and presence of 8.65 nmol/l phthalocyanine (PhC). Irradiation of non-stimulated leukocytes with 0.025 to 0.5 J/cm2 did not lead to any activation of their luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LCL). On the other hand, LR increased in most cases the subsequent CL response of the cells to opsonized zymosan (priming action of He-Ne-laser light). The effect of LR on the leukocytes was not standard. In irradiated leukocytes isolated from patients with severe acute or chronic pneumonia, or chronic bronchitis, the maximal LCL exceeded that for non-irradiated cells by 80% (0.05 J/cm2), 20-25% (0.15 J/cm2), and 0%, respectively (doses are shown in parentheses). Further increase of the exposure brought about a dose-dependent inhibition of LCL in cells from patients with severe acute and chronic pneumonia. There was an intriguing relationship between maximal CL responses of leukocytes subjected to laser irradiation in the presence and without PhC. When the priming effect of LR on isolated cells was small, it increased in the presence of exogenous photosensitizer, phthalocyanine; in cells of severely ill patients where the initial effect of LR was strong, Pc inhibited the priming action of LR. Apparently, different cells contained different amounts of endogenous photosensitizer(s); the addition of exogenous sensitizer increased the priming action of LR at low concentrations and decreased it at higher concentrations of the endogenous photosensitizer.
Gen Physiol Biophys 1998 Dec
PMID:Low-power laser irradiation induces leukocyte priming. 1019 21

The nucleotide sequence of the M2 gene of pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) was determined. The sequence showed that the gene encoded a protein of 176 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 20165 Da from a major ORF, which is smaller than the equivalent proteins encoded by human, bovine and ovine respiratory syncytial (RS) viruses. The PVM M2 protein is conserved, having 41% similarity to the equivalent human RS virus protein. In common with the M2 genes of the RS viruses and avian pneumovirus (APV), the PVM mRNA also contained a second ORF (ORF2) that partially overlaps the first ORF and which is capable of encoding a 98 residue polypeptide. No significant sequence identity could be detected between the putative M2 ORF2 proteins of PVM, APV and the RS viruses. The expression of the M2 ORF2 proteins of the pneumoviruses was investigated by using monospecific antisera raised against GST fusion proteins. Western blot analysis demonstrated the presence of polypeptides encoded by M2 ORF2 of PVM and RS virus corresponding with those predicted by in vitro translation studies, but this was not the case for APV. The PVM polypeptide was present as three distinct products in vivo. The PVM and RS virus polypeptides were also detected in cells by immunofluorescence, which showed that both were present in the cytoplasm with a degree of localization in inclusion bodies. No APV M2 ORF2 protein could be detected in vivo. The RS virus M2 ORF2 polypeptide was shown to accumulate during infection and the potential implications of this are discussed.
J Gen Virol 1999 Aug
PMID:Detection and characterization of proteins encoded by the second ORF of the M2 gene of pneumoviruses. 1046 98

Bacterial phospholipases are regarded as a major virulence factor in infection. In bacteria associated with pneumonia, destruction of lung surfactant and host cell membranes by bacterial phospholipases secreted during infection is thought to contribute to the disease. Phospholipase C (PLC) activity has been described in several Legionella species (W. B. Baine, J. Gen. Microbiol. 134:489-498, 1988; W. B. Baine, J. Gen. Microbiol. 131:1383-1391, 1985). By using detection methods such as thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry, PLC activity could not be detected in several strains of Legionella pneumophila. Instead, phospholipid degradation was identified to be caused by a novel PLA activity. We could demonstrate that PLA secretion starts at the mid-exponential-growth phase when bacteria were grown in liquid culture. Several Legionella species secreted different amounts of PLA. Legionella PLA may act as a powerful agent in the mediation of pathogenicity due to destruction of lung surfactant and epithelial cells.
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PMID:Novel phospholipase A activity secreted by Legionella species. 1067 53

The complete genome sequences are reported here of two field isolates of bovine coronavirus (BCoV), which were isolated from respiratory and intestinal samples of the same animal experiencing fatal pneumonia during a bovine shipping fever epizootic. Both genomes contained 31028 nucleotides and included 13 open reading frames (ORFs) flanked by 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs). ORF1a and ORF1b encode replicative polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab, respectively, that contain all of the putative functional domains documented previously for the closest relative, mouse hepatitis virus. The genomes of the BCoV isolates differed in 107 positions, scattered throughout the genome except the 5'-UTR. Differences in 25 positions were non-synonymous and were located in all proteins except pp1b. Six replicase mutations were identified within or immediately downstream of the predicted largest pp1a-derived protein, p195/p210. Single amino acid changes within p195/p210 as well as within the S glycoprotein might contribute to the different phenotypes of the BCoV isolates.
J Gen Virol 2001 Dec
PMID:Comparison of genomic and predicted amino acid sequences of respiratory and enteric bovine coronaviruses isolated from the same animal with fatal shipping pneumonia. 1171 68

Professional and parental uncertainty regarding the natural history of cough and respiratory tract infection (R77) in pre-school children may in part be responsible for the high consultation, reconsultation, and antibiotic prescribing rates in this age group. The aim of the study was to review the evidence about the natural history of acute cough in children aged between 0 and 4 years presenting to primary care in terms of illness duration and complications. The study was a systematic review, with qualitative and quantitative data synthesis, of control and placebo arms of systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and cohort studies set in primary care. Searches were done of MEDLINE (between 1966 and June 1998), EMBASE (between 1988 and September 1998), and the Cochrane Library databases, using the MeSH terms 'respiratory tract infection, 'cough, and 'bronchitis, and the textwords 'cough' 'bronchitis, and 'chest infection, limited to children aged between 0 and 4years, and English language articles. Eight RCTs and two cohort studies met the review criteria. At one week, 75% of children may have improved but 50% may be still coughing and/or have a nasal discharge. At two weeks up to 24% of children may be no better. Within two weeks of presentation, 12% of children may experience one or more complication, such as rash, painful ears, diarrhoea, vomiting, or progression to bronchitis/pneumonia. This review offers parents and clinicians more prognostic information about acute cough in pre-school children. Illness duration may be longer and complications higher than many parents and clinicians expect. This may help to set more realistic expectations of the illness and help parents to decide when and if to reconsult. This information may be useful to those designing patient information and self-help resources.
Br J Gen Pract 2002 May
PMID:The natural history of acute cough in children aged 0 to 4 years in primary care: a systematic review. 1254 44

Maedi-visna virus (MVV) causes encephalitis, pneumonia and arthritis in sheep. In vitro, MVV infection and replication lead to strong cytopathic effects characterized by syncytia formation and subsequent cellular lysis. It was demonstrated previously that MVV infection in vitro induces cell death of sheep choroid plexus cells (SCPC) by a mechanism that can be associated with apoptotic cell death. Here, the relative implication of several caspases during acute infection with MVV is investigated by employing diverse in vitro and in situ strategies. It was demonstrated using specific pairs of caspase substrates and inhibitors that, during in vitro infection of SCPC by MVV, the two major pathways of caspase activation (i.e. intrinsic and extrinsic pathways) were stimulated: significant caspase-9 and -8 activities, as well as caspase-3 activity, were detected. To study the role of caspases during MVV infection in vitro, specific, cell-permeable, caspase inhibitors were used. First, these results showed that both z-DEVD-FMK (a potent inhibitor of caspase-3-like activities) and z-VAD-FMK (a broad spectrum caspase inhibitor) inhibit caspase-9, -8 and -3 activities. Second, both irreversible caspase inhibitors, z-DEVD-FMK and z-VAD-FMK, delayed MVV-induced cellular lysis as well as virus growth. Third, during SCPC in vitro infection by MVV, cells were positively stained with FITC-VAD-FMK, a probe that specifically stains cells containing active caspases. In conclusion, these data suggest that MVV infection in vitro induces SCPC cell death by a mechanism that is strongly dependent on active caspases.
J Gen Virol 2002 Dec
PMID:Implication of caspases during maedi-visna virus-induced apoptosis. 1246 93

Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are the main causes of ubiquitous acute respiratory diseases of infancy and early childhood, causing 20-25 % of pneumonia and 45-50 % of bronchiolitis in hospitalized children. The primary goal of this study was to create an effective and safe RSV vaccine based on utilizing attenuated bovine PIV3 (bPIV3) as a virus vector backbone. bPIV3 had been evaluated in human clinical trials and was shown to be attenuated and immunogenic in children as young as 2 months of age. The ability of bPIV3 to function as a virus vaccine vector was explored further by introducing the RSV attachment (G) and fusion (F) genes into the bPIV3 RNA genome. The resulting virus, bPIV3/RSV(I), contained an insert of 2900 nt, comprising two translationally competent transcription units. Despite this increase in genetic material, the virus replicated to high titres in Vero cells. This recombinant virus expressed the RSV G and F proteins sufficiently to evoke a protective immune response in hamsters upon challenge with RSV or human PIV3 and to elicit RSV neutralizing and PIV3 haemagglutinin inhibition serum antibodies. In effect, a bivalent vaccine was produced that could protect vaccinees from RSV as well as PIV3. Such a vaccine would vastly reduce the respiratory disease burden, the associated hospitalization costs and, most importantly, decrease morbidity and mortality of infants, immunocompromised individuals and the elderly.
J Gen Virol 2003 Aug
PMID:Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) expressing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) attachment and fusion proteins protects hamsters from challenge with human PIV3 and RSV. 1286 47

The nucleocapsid (N) protein of the pneumovirus respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major structural protein which encapsidates the RNA genome and is essential for replication and transcription of the RSV genome. The N protein of the related virus pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) is functionally unable to replace the RSV N protein in a minigenome replication assay. Using chimeric proteins, in which the immediate C-terminal part of the RSV N protein was replaced with the equivalent region of the PVM N protein, it was shown that six amino acid residues near the C terminus of the N protein (between residues 352-369) are essential for its function in replication and for the ability of the N protein to bind to the viral phosphoprotein, P.
J Gen Virol 2003 Oct
PMID:Chimeric pneumovirus nucleocapsid (N) proteins allow identification of amino acids essential for the function of the respiratory syncytial virus N protein. 1367 1

Chromatographic separations on DEAE cellulose have been carried out on the seromucoid fraction from forty-one normal individuals and twenty-three patients horpitalized with unilateral pneumococcal pneumonia. During the acute stages of their illness, all twenty-three patients showed a very marked difference in their seromucoid pattern as contrasted to the control group, both groups being comparable in age, sex, and race. As the patients recovered, their seromucoid patterns returned to that of the control group. Three patients with bilateral pneumococcal pneumonia showed seromucoid patterns similar to those of the twenty-three patients with unilateral pneumococcal pneumonia. Five individuals with viral pneumonia showed a seromucoid pattern similar to those observed in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. The data suggested that the seromucoid pattern observed in pneumonia depended upon the stage of the disease of the patient, different patterns being observed during the acute, convalescent, and complete recovery stages. Each stage showed a characteristic pattern. The seromucoid pattern of seven patients with acute leukemia differed from that of the control groups and also differed from that observed in patients with pneumonia. Five individuals with chronic lymphocytic leukemia showed seromucoid patterns which could not be distinguished from those of the control group in spite of the fact that all showed clinical signs of disease at the time the blood sample was drawn for fractionation.
J Gen Physiol 1962 Mar
PMID:Seromucoid fraction patterns of individuals with pneumonia or leukemia. 1448 44


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