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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Comparatively little is known about the immunoprotective mechanisms against K. pneumoniae pneumonia. Whether the antibody against K. pneumoniae protects against K. pneumoniae pneumonia is not fully known. This study was designed to investigate some of the murine host factors responsible for immunization with K. pneumoniae DT-S to infection by aerosol inhalation with K. pneumoniae DT-S: in particular, the role of the antibody and the immunoprotective antibody which was the antibody against which component of K. pneumoniae was investigated. Mice preimmunized by aerosol inhalation with live or formalin-killed DT-S and mice preimmunized intravenously with live DT-S did not protect against infection by aerosol inhalation with DT-S. Mice preimmunized intravenously with formalin-killed DT-S were shown to protect significantly against fatal experimental K. pneumoniae pneumonia (p less than 0.01). This immunoprotection against fatal experimental pneumonia was related to titers of anti-ultrasonicates of DT-S antibody detected by an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). That this immunoprotection is dependent on the antibody against which component of DT-S was investigated by ELISA. An ELISA was performed to detected antibody against purified capsular polysaccharide (CPS), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and outer membrane proteins (OMP). Mice preimmunized intravenously with formalin-killed DT-S were detected to have antibodies against LPS, but not to CPS and OMP. Then the immunoprotection against fatal experimental pneumonia was related to titers of anti-LPS antibody. These findings indicate that anti-LPS antibody may play a major role in the protection against fatal experimental K. pneumoniae pneumonia.
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PMID:[Analysis of immunoprotection against fatal experimental Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia]. 207 65

A Pseudomonas aeruginosa (isolate 416) from a patient with pneumonia, was initially susceptible to imipenem (MIC: 2 mg/l) but became resistant to this antibiotic (isolate 470, MIC: 32 mg/l) during imipenem therapy. Treatment failed. No parallel increases in MIC were observed for other antimicrobials tested. Isolates 416 and 470 shared the same pyocin type and serotype, produced small amounts of an inducible beta-lactamase, and had similar lipopolysaccharide compositions. On electrophoresis of outer membrane proteins, the porin F, identified by the monoclonal antibody MA4-4, was expressed similarly by the two isolates but the production of one band (apparent molecular weight: 47,000) was diminished in isolate 470. [14C]-Imipenem labelling of intact cells proceeded more slowly in 470 than in 416, especially when bacterial cells were treated by antibody MA4-4 to block the porin F channel. [14C]-Imipenem labelling of penicillin binding proteins (PBP) showed that the band identified as PBP-4 bound markedly less radioactivity in isolate 470 than in 416. After isolate 470 was passaged several times in antibiotic-free broth, the imipenem MIC was decreased from 32 to 8 mg/l, and the [14C]-imipenem PBP pattern recovered the initial profile as exhibited by isolate 416. Two resistance mechanisms, affecting imipenem electively, could have combined their effect in the post-therapy isolate, altered target protein and reduced permeability.
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PMID:Novel resistance to imipenem associated with an altered PBP-4 in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate. 210 15

Data are limited for the performance of enzyme immunoassays for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in conjunctival and nasopharyngeal specimens from infants. The only available data are for one assay, Chlamydiazyme (Abbott Diagnostics). The purpose of this study was to compare a new enzyme immunoassay, Pathfinder (Kallestad Diagnostics), with Chlamydiazyme and culture for the diagnosis of chlamydial conjunctivitis and pneumonia in infants. Pathfinder differs from Chlamydiazyme in that it uses a monoclonal antibody directed against the chlamydial lipopolysaccharide in addition to a polyclonal antichlamydial antibody. Triplicate conjunctival and nasopharyngeal specimens were obtained from 97 infants with conjunctivitis, and additional nasopharyngeal specimens were obtained from 14 infants with suspected chlamydial pneumonia (total, 111 nasopharyngeal specimens). Twenty-nine (30%) of the conjunctival specimens from infants with conjunctivitis and four (28.6%) of the nasopharyngeal specimens from the infants with pneumonia were positive for C. trachomatis by cell culture. The sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values for Pathfinder for conjunctival specimens were 96.6, 98.5, 96.6, and 98.5%, respectively. The results for Chlamydiazyme were 96.6, 100, 100, and 98.6%, respectively. For nasopharyngeal specimens, the results for Pathfinder were 77.8, 94.6, 73.7, and 95.7%, respectively. The results for Chlamydiazyme were 66.7, 95.7, 75, and 93%, respectively. Pathfinder and Chlamydiazyme appeared to perform equivalently for the detection of C. trachomatis in both eye and nasopharyngeal specimens from infants with chlamydial conjunctivitis and pneumonia.
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PMID:Comparison of two enzyme immunoassays to culture for the diagnosis of chlamydial conjunctivitis and respiratory infections in infants. 220 10

A prospective nationwide surveillance of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease among adults (greater than or equal to 16 years old) was conducted in Finland during 1985 through 1988. Thirty-one cases were identified (annual incidence, 0.22/100,000). Of these infections, 71% occurred in patients with severe underlying conditions. The overall case fatality rate was 26%. Septicemia (13 patients) and pneumonia (seven patients) were the most common clinical manifestations of H influenzae type b infection; the others were epiglottitis (six patients), meningitis (three patients), and arthritis (two patients). Epiglottitis occurred in significantly younger patients, all of whom were women and four of whom were previously healthy. Subtyping of the H influenzae type b isolates according to the major outer membrane protein subtype, biotype, and lipopolysaccharide serotype showed that patterns that were uncommon (14%) among children were more common (27%) in the adults.
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PMID:Spectrum of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in adults. 224 74

A semi-purified outer membrane anionic antigen (AA) fraction was isolated from Haemophilus somnus by a modified procedure of anion exchange chromatography to yield a protein fraction free of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The AA fraction (1 mg) was administered with or without the homologous lipopolysaccharide (10 micrograms/kg body weight) as vaccines to groups of cattle twice, three weeks apart. A control group which did not receive any antigen was included in the trial. Six weeks after the first vaccination, the animals were challenged intratracheally with a virulent pneumonic strain of H. somnus (70986) and observed for clinical signs of respiratory disease. The cattle were euthanized six days later and the lungs were evaluated for the severity of lesions macroscopically as well as histopathologically. Vaccination with AA alone provided the best protection against pneumonia as indicated by significantly lower clinical scores, less extensive gross lung lesions and mild histopathological lesions with immune cell infiltration. However, when AA was combined with LPS in the vaccination, this protective effect was negated and the animals showed more detrimental histopathological lesions than the controls.
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PMID:The protective effect of vaccination against experimental pneumonia in cattle with Haemophilus somnus outer membrane antigens and interference by lipopolysaccharide. 237 12

Members of the bacterial genus Chlamydia are responsible for widespread disease among humans and animals, including endemic trachoma in developing countries, venereal disease in developed countries, and a variety of other diseases such as infantile pneumonia and lymphogranuloma venereum. Although there is little genetic relatedness between and large antigenic diversity between and among the two chlamydial species, one antigenic determinant has been preserved among all serovars: the genus-specific lipopolysaccharide epitope. In this report, the tools of molecular genetics, monoclonal antibodies, and analytical and synthetic chemistry have been combined to determine the structure of this epitope. This epitope is attributed to the presence of a trisaccharide of 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (KDO) of the sequence KDOp-(2----8)-KDOp-(2----4)-KDO. The structure includes a unique linkage of two KDO residues through a 2.8-linkage.
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PMID:Chemical and serological investigations on the genus-specific lipopolysaccharide epitope of Chlamydia. 243 32

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is quantitatively the predominent immunoglobulin protein in the distal airway of the human host. IgG enters the distal lung from circulating pools and plasma cells located largely in the interstitium. Although all four IgG subclasses are present in human lung secretions, only subclasses G3 and, to a lesser degree, G1 attach to pulmonary macrophage membrane receptors. IgG opsonic antibodies are essential for the optimal clearance of a very troubling pathogen. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nosocomial pneumonia caused by this gram-negative bacillus responds poorly to potent antimicrobial agents and is associated with a 70% mortality. To a great extent the morbidity and mortality resulting from nosocomial pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas spp. are attributable to ineffective humoral immune response to this bacterium. IgG2 antibodies in response to pseudomonal lipopolysaccharide are poorly opsonic in the macrophage system, and derepression of the potent pseudomonal elastase, an enzyme with broad substrate specificity, contributes to the disruption of other IgG antibodies.
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PMID:Lung humoral response to Pseudomonas species. 249 48

In comparison with polyvalent immunoglobulins, Pseudomonas immunoglobulin (Psomaglobin) is enriched several times in antibodies to Ps. lipopolysaccharide antigens and exotoxin A as well as lipid A. The resulting protective action which is superior to polyvalent immunoglobulins in infections with Pseudomonas, was demonstrated both in cell culture (protection against cytotoxicity of Ps. exotoxin A in heart muscle cells) and in animal models of sepsis. In patients suffering from Ps. pneumonia and Ps.-sepsis clinical improvement is seen after application of this immunoglobulin and also in quantifiable by scoring systems, the unequivocal proof of lowering lethality by using this specific immunoglobulin in Pseudomonas infection is to be shown however.
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PMID:[Use of pseudomonas immunoglobulin. Indications and results]. 250 71

Passive protection of specific pathogen-free lambs against experimental pasteurellosis was achieved using antisera from conventionally reared sheep which were either convalescent from experimental pneumonia or inoculated with Pasteurella haemolytica A2 vaccines. The complete immune sera, or immunoglobulin-rich fractions prepared from them, when administered separately or together provided 94-100% protection of recipients compared to control lambs. Antibodies to P. haemolytica in donor sera were quantified by anti-sodium salicylate extract (SSE) and anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ELISA, bactericidal assay, cytotoxin neutralization and indirect haemagglutination. The anti-SSE ELISA titres correlated best with protective efficacy and could be used to measure antibody in recipient lambs immediately before challenge. The degree of protection was unaffected by prior infection with parainfluenza virus Type 3, suggesting that such exposure did not enhance exudation of circulating immunoglobulin into the respiratory tract. It was concluded that systemic humoral immunity alone can prevent pasteurellosis.
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PMID:Protection of lambs against experimental pneumonic pasteurellosis by transfer of immune serum. 252 37

Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a modulatory protein with immune and inflammatory functions, is spontaneously released by tissue macrophages in lower concentrations compared with peripheral blood monocytes. Conversely, in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and certain inflammatory diseases, increased amounts of IL-1 are released by alveolar macrophages (AM). We examined IL-1 production by AM from patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and compared it with that in patients with severe pneumonia requiring assisted ventilation, patients with pneumonia requiring parenteral antibiotics, and healthy control subjects. In vitro, ARDS AM released significantly more total IL-1 and IL-1 beta than did ARDS AM in patients with pneumonia and in control subjects. Moreover, after stimulation of these cells with 10 micrograms/ml of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), ARDS AM significantly increased release of IL-1 and IL-1 beta. AM from patients with severe pneumonia also released greater amounts of both IL-1 and IL-1 beta as fresh explants and after LPS stimulation when compared with control subjects. Incubation of AM with 250 U/ml human interferon-gamma (gamma IFN) was associated with less IL-1 beta release. However, stimulating AM from patients with ARDS and severe pneumonia with gamma IFN plus LPS enhanced the release of IL-1 beta compared with that in patients with pneumonia and in control subjects. ARDS AM released significantly more IL-1 beta than did all of the other groups. These results demonstrate that AM from patients with ARDS are capable of releasing significantly greater amounts of IL-1, which may be related to the progression of acute lung injury.
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PMID:Elevated interleukin-1 release by human alveolar macrophages during the adult respiratory distress syndrome. 260 96


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