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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pulmonary disease is a major source of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected persons. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has decreased substantially during the last eight years, but in the United States it remains the most common disorder that announces the onset of AIDS. In contrast, tuberculosis is by far the most important AIDS-associated indicator disease in developing countries. Community-acquired acute bacterial pneumonia is a common HIV-linked complication throughout the world; pneumonia occurs at all levels of immune suppression but increases in frequency as CD4 counts decrease. Fungal infections mainly afflict persons who live or have lived in the various endemic areas. AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma generally do not involve the lungs until the malignancies are advanced. The increasing use of successful chemoprophylaxis against many important HIV-associated infections is increasing the incidence of other end-stage complications such as cytomegalovirus and disseminated MAC disease.
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PMID:Pulmonary complications of HIV infection. 871 66

We describe the use of isoflurane for the management of a 3-yr-old boy with congenital myasthenia gravis who required ventilation for pneumonia. While in the intensive care unit he was sedated with isoflurane for 5 days (81 MAC-h). This provided a safe, easily controllable method of sedation which avoided the use of neuromuscular blocking agents and appeared to have no significant side effects during use. However, after it was stopped the patient developed a fine, self-limiting tremor which lasted for 2 days. Previous reports of paediatric patients sedated with isoflurane suggest that prolonged exposure may result in temporary dose-dependent neurological dysfunction, including hallucinations, ataxia and non-purposeful movements.
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PMID:Isoflurane for sedation in a case of congenital myasthenia gravis. 895 91

Although combination therapy with HAART (Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy) can increase CD4 (T-cell) counts, doctors have been cautious about stopping preventive treatments, or prophylaxis, for PCP (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis). Two studies, however, suggest that if HAART increases T-cell counts to over 200 for an extended time period, PCP prophylaxis may be safely stopped. Partly as a result of these study findings, the United States Public Health Service has rewritten guidelines on the prevention of opportunistic infections. The draft version continues to call for PCP prevention beginning when patients have T-cell counts below 200 or have a history of thrush. However, a new section states that providers may stop prophylactic treatment when T-cell counts remain over 200 for at least three to six months. Recommendations for preventing MAC (mycobacterium avium complex) and CMV (cytomegalovirus) have also changed with HAART and are briefly described.
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PMID:Stopping preventive treatments. 1136 80

This review discusses the clinicoradiological findings of pulmonary tuberculosis as well as non-tuberculous mycobacteria. To make a differential diagnosis between pneumonia and mycobacterial infections, it is very important to analyze the radiological findings of inflammatory lung diseases based on normal anatomical structures. If clinicoradiological analyses could make these differentiations, the appropriate treatment strategy for respiratory infections could be established. To accomplish this, exact orientations of pulmonary lobulus, acinus, and respiratory bronchioles is very important. Then, through analyzing chest CT findings and distribution patterns based on normal anatomical structures. estimation of causative pathogens could be possible. To differentiate infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis from non-tuberculous mycobacteria, several important criteria have been demonstrated. Briefly, in MAC respiratory infection, right middle lobe and left lingula are frequently involved and centrilobular nodules and diffuse bronchiectases are characteristic radiological findings.
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PMID:[Clinicoradiological diagnosis of respiratory infections: estimate of pathogens by radiological findings and the strategy for treatment]. 1691 Jun 2

The purpose of this article is to describe noninvasive respiratory management for patients with neuromuscular respiratory muscle dysfunction (NMD) and spinal cord injury (SCI) and the role of electrophrenic pacing (EPP) and diaphragm pacing (DP) in this respect. Long term outcomes will be reviewed and the use of noninvasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIV), MAC, and EPP/DP to prevent pneumonia and acute respiratory failure, to facilitate extubation, and to avoid tracheotomy will be evaluated. Although ventilator dependent patients with most NMDs and high level SCI can be indefinitely managed noninvasively, most ALS patients can be managed for a limited time by continuous NIV before tracheostomy is necessary for survival. Glossopharyngeal breathing (GPB) can be learned by patients without any autonomous breathing ability and used by them in the event of ventilator/EPP/DP failure or loss of interface access. EPP/DP can maintain alveolar ventilation for high level SCI patients when they cannot grab a mouth piece to use NIV.
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PMID:Noninvasive respiratory management for patients with spinal cord injury and neuromuscular disease. 2519 94