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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The comparative biochemical and serological characterization of 424 H. influenzae strains isolated from healthy children and patients with acute and chronic bronchopulmonary diseases is presented. As the result of biotyping H. influenzae strains, 82.3-90.9% of the strains isolated from both healthy children and patients with acute and chronic bronchopulmonary diseases were found to belong to the first three biotypes according to M. Kilian's classification. Among H. influenzae strains isolated from healthy children no capsular variants were detected in the coagglutination test. From patients with acute and chronic diseases of respiratory organs, as a rule, the capsular variants of H. influenzae were isolated (94.4% and 98.1%, respectively). In patients with chronic pneumonia biotypes I, II and III, more seldom biotype V, proved to be mo st invasive. In the determination of the minimum inhibiting concentration of ampicillin, no H. influenzae strains resistant to this antibiotic were detected.
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PMID:[Comparative characteristics of the Haemophilus influenzae strains isolated from healthy children and from patients with acute and chronic bronchopulmonary diseases]. 348 35

Sixty-four patients who had been admitted to hospital in the Gambia with acute lobar pneumonia were investigated. Lung aspiration proved to be the most effective method of establishing a bacterial etiology, and Streptococcus pneumoniae was the pathogen isolated most frequently from patients irrespective of age. Among children, Haemophilus influenzae, either singly or in combination with another bacterial agent, was an important cause of pneumonia. Of 13 isolates of H. influenzae two were of serotype a, while four others were non-capsulated. All isolates of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were sensitive to penicillin.
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PMID:The etiology of lobar pneumonia in the Gambia. 349 Sep 24

From 1976 to 1985, 27 adult invasive Haemophilus infections were observed at the University Medical Center in Lausanne. Only 5 cases (19%) were caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b, while 12 cases (44%) were due to Haemophilus species other than H. influenzae. Two out of 24 strains tested were ampicillin-resistant. The infections were meningitis in 8, pneumonia in 7, endocarditis in 5, sepsis of unknown origin in 4, epiglottitis in 2, and one gynecological infection. Except for the latter three patients, each case was associated with one or more underlying conditions. Seven patients died (26%), in three of whom death was directly related to the infectious process. This report and a review of the literature show that adult invasive Haemophilus infections are not uncommon and may be serious. Associated underlying diseases and advanced age are generally present. In contrast to infections occurring in children, invasive Haemophilus infections in adults are not restricted to encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae type b strains.
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PMID:[Invasive Haemophilus infections in adults]. 349 62

A murine model of bacteremic Haemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia was used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacies of the quinolone antimicrobial agents enoxacin and ofloxacin compared with those of ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Ampicillin-susceptible (AS) and ampicillin-resistant (AR) challenge strains were employed. Treatment with enoxacin or ofloxacin produced intrapulmonary killing of H. influenzae that was superior to that achieved with ampicillin (P less than 0.01 to P less than 0.001 for both AS and AR strains). Ofloxacin and enoxacin also provided killing greater than that with chloramphenicol for the AS strain (P less than 0.01 to P less than 0.001). For the AR strain, ofloxacin provided killing greater than that obtained with chloramphenicol (P less than 0.001). Survival from AS strain pneumonia was 60% in enoxacin-treated and 78% in ofloxacin-treated animals compared with 41% for chloramphenicol-treated and 23% for ampicillin-treated groups. We conclude that enoxacin and ofloxacin may be effective antimicrobial agents in treating either AS or AR strains causing H. influenzae pneumonia.
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PMID:Comparative evaluation of enoxacin, ofloxacin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol for treatment of experimental Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia. 349 34

Fifteen adults (14 of whom were previously fit and 10 were aged less than 40) with pneumonia, in whom the only pathogen identified was Haemophilus influenzae, are described. One patient was bacteraemic. Clinical, radiographic and laboratory features were similar to other community-acquired pneumonias. H. influenzae should be considered as a cause of pneumonia even in previously fit, young adults.
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PMID:Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia in previously fit adults. 349 49

The susceptibility of smokers to pneumonia caused by Haemophilus influenzae may result from impairment of phagocytic or bactericidal function of pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM). We compared ingestion and killing of non-typable H. influenzae and H. influenzae type B by alveolar macrophages from asymptomatic smokers and non-smokers. Three times as many cells were recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage of smokers. Non-typable H. influenzae (NTHI) were phagocytosed and killed readily by PAM from both groups of subjects, while H. influenzae type B were resistant to phagocytosis. No difference in uptake of bacteria was detected between PAM of smokers and non-smokers. PAM from smokers had a slightly greater bactericidal activity than PAM from non-smokers. These results suggest that other host factors, such as impaired tracheobronchial clearance or the presence of conditions that favor bacterial growth rather than damage to alveolar macrophages, are responsible for the susceptibility of smokers to Haemophilus infections.
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PMID:Phagocytosis and killing of Haemophilus influenzae by alveolar macrophages: no difference between smokers and non-smokers. 349 51

Pneumonia counts as one of the most frequent severe Haemophilus influenzae infections to afflict adults. 60% of patients with pneumonia caused by type b H. influenzae are more than 50 years old, 30% to 40% are alcoholics, and 30% to 40% have chronic pulmonary disease or other concurrent illness. In the majority of cases there is multilobular, maculate, diffuse and usually bilateral involvement of the pulmonary tissue. The mortality rate due to type b H. influenzae pneumonia ranges between 30% and 40%. In patients with non-bacteriaemic pneumonia caused by non-encapsulated strains of H. influenzae it is rare for several lobes to be involved, there is little exudation and the mortality rate is low. H. influenzae is a significant pathogen in acute epiglottitis in adults and it also appears to play an important role in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) and acute sinusitis. beta-lactamase production mediated by R-factors or plasmids of gram-negative bacteria is responsible for ampicillin resistance. In 1978 the overall rate of resistance of H. influenzae to ampicillin in American hospitals amounted to 18%. H. influenzae are found in the nasopharynx of people exposed to others infected with H. influenzae. The risk of secondary infection in children who come into contact with patients infected with type b H. influenzae amounts to approximately 2.1%. Adults in close contact with children suffering from severe H. influenzae infections must be warned of the possible risks of secondary infection.
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PMID:[Respiratory tract infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae in adults]. 349 6

Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae are found in 87% of all cases of exacerbated chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease. Complications of viral respiratory tract disease are most frequently caused by H. influenzae. Not only encapsulated forms of H. influenzae, but also non-encapsulated strains may be responsible for the onset of pneumonia and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in adults. The most common symptoms of infections with H. influenzae are cough, dyspnoea, increase in purulent sputum and wheezing. A quantitative sputum culture is recommended for diagnosing chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease. Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis are always treated with antibiotics effective against H. influenzae and pneumococci. As a rule, empirical treatment should suffice in general practice. In the comparison between ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and cefaclor included in the study protocol appended to this report, the latter produced the most favourable results both in the empirical and specific forms of treatment. We would recommend cefaclor as the antibiotic of choice for this disease.
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PMID:[Infections of the lower respiratory tract in general practice]. 349 7

An experimental murine model of bacteraemic Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia was used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of ciprofloxacin, as compared with ampicillin and chloramphenicol. An ampicillin-sensitive (AS) and an ampicillin-resistant (AR) challenge strain were employed. Ciprofloxacin treatment produced intrapulmonary killing of H. influenzae which was superior to that achieved with ampicillin (P less than 0.001, both strains) and chloramphenicol (P less than 0.001, strain AS; P less than 0.005, strain AR). Likewise, survival from strain AS pneumonia was 61% in the ciprofloxacin-treated animals, as compared with 43% for the chloramphenicol-treated, and 22% for the ampicillin-treated groups. We conclude that ciprofloxacin may be an effective agent in treating pneumonia caused by either ampicillin-sensitive or ampicillin-resistant strains of H. influenzae.
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PMID:Comparative efficacies of ciprofloxacin, ampicillin and chloramphenicol in treatment of experimental Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia. 349 16

The validity of commercial latex agglutination kits for detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae antigens in serum and urine specimens was studied. We tested serum and urine specimens from 44 patients with bacteremic pneumonia (23 S. pneumoniae, 13 H. influenzae type b, 11 other) with commercial latex agglutination kits (Directigen, Bactigen) for S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae type b antigens. All specimen samples were randomized and read blindly by two readers. Interreader reproducibility was 100%. The sensitivity and specificity of both kits for H. influenzae type b antigens in serum and urine were greater than 90%. None of the 24 urine samples from S. pneumoniae bacteremic patients were positive by either kit, although 6 ng of type 3 polysaccharide could be detected in spiked urine. Sensitivity for S. pneumoniae antigens in serum was 27% for Directigen and 38% for Bactigen. Specificity for S. pneumoniae antigens in serum was 95% for Directigen and 74% for Bactigen. The results suggest that the kits are useful in diagnosing H. influenzae type b pneumonia. However, the commercially available S. pneumoniae reagents tested appear to have limited utility for diagnosing S. pneumoniae pneumonia because both kits lack sensitivity and Bactigen lacks specificity, as well.
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PMID:Commercial latex agglutination tests for detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae antigens in patients with bacteremic pneumonia. 349 43


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