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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A veal calf with chronic pneumonia was characterized by reduced weight gain, feed intake and increased feed/gain ratio. Concentrations of hemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cell number and blood plasma levels of iron, albumin, urea, glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I and triiodothyronine were decreased, while plasma levels of total protein, immunoglobulin G and nonesterified fatty acids were increased. White blood cell number, blood plasma concentrations of triglycerides, growth hormone, cortisol and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were not changed. Hematological, metabolic and endocrine changes were interpreted as expressions of reduced energy and protein intake and of nutrient partitioning which contributed to reduced growth performance.
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PMID:Endocrine, metabolic and hematological changes associated with reduced growth performance during chronic pneumonia in calves: a case study. 892 69

Particles with diameters ranging from less than 0.02 to more than 100 microns and in concentration up to 120 micrograms/m3 daily average TSP (total suspended particles) are measurable in the air of Swiss cities and responsible for the decrease of visibility on the Swiss Plateau and south of the Alps. The particle size shows a typical distribution: the coarse particles (> 2.5 microns mass median diameter) are mostly of natural origin (plants, pollen, earth particles) and are deposited in the upper airways. The fine particles (PM2.5 < 2.5 microns) are predominantly deposited into the alveolar space. These fine and ultrafine particles (< 0.02 microns) are produced by the burning of fossil fuels or by photochemical reactions. By bypassing the mucociliary and cellular defense mechanisms, fine particles can invade the lung parenchyma and cause an inflammatory response. The additional chemical layering of a carbon core by nitrates, sulfates and other organic materials and metals such as iron cause greater local oxidative and/or carcinogenic damage than in the vaporized state. In comparing worldwide epidemiological studies, there seems to be a cohesive and consistent relationship between increases of particle concentration and the increase of mortality (mostly among patients over 65 with concomitant lung and heart diseases and among smokers) and morbidity (bronchitis, pneumonia, COPD, and, less convincingly, asthma). An increase in daily average PM10 (particles < 10 microns) is correlated with an increase in mortality not related to accidents and suicides of 1.0% for the same and/or the following days. In Switzerland, mean annual concentrations of 14-53 micrograms/m3 TSP or 10-33 micrograms/m3 PM10, well below the national standard (annual mean TSP 70 micrograms/m3) have been measured in rural and urban areas. Even at these concentrations an increase in respiratory symptoms and a decrease in lung function, without evidence for a "safe" threshold, have been observed in the Swiss study of air pollution and lung diseases in adults (SAPALDIA). Although the noxious effects of the particles cannot be clearly separated from the effect of other pollutants (e.g. NOx, SO2, ozone) in complex pollutant mixtures, the emission standards and national standards for ambient air should be revised, in particular by adding a standard for fine particles (e.g. PM10 or PM2.5).
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PMID:[Are inhaled dust particles harmful for our lungs?]. 900 26

In our institute, heavy ion medical accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC) completed to be constructed October, 1994. Next year, we started to treat head & neck cancer firstly as a pilot study using carbon beam. Following the observation on the expected reaction of skin and mucosa membrane, we opened the protocol for lung cancer entitled "A phase I/II and II clinical trials of heavy iron particle radiotherapy for non-small cell carcinoma of the lung". Since then, Cabon beam possessing the well-balanced dual actions on cancer: efficient dose-localization and high RBE was given to 25 inoperable patients with stage 1 and 3 patients with stage IIIA as preoperative radiotherapy. The dose was raising from 59.4GyE, 64.5GyE and 72GyE by 10%. Tumor control of the patients who elapsed more than 6 months was evaluated in two of 4 patients (50%) given 59.4GyE, one of 4 (75%) given 64.5GyE and all of 17 (100%) given 72GyE. It appeared to be dose dependent. On the other hand, two of 28 patients (7%) showed acute radiation pneumonia treated with steroid hormone. However, the late effect of the lung was weaken with slight radiographic changes and with no manifestations. Now that heavy ion particle radiotherapy for lung cancer was revealed to be safe, we intend to attain the tumor control compatible with that of surgery.
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PMID:[Heavy ion radiotherapy for lung cancer]. 904 20

The aim of the present study was to describe the long-term sequential changes of the acute phase proteins and of commonly used so-called nutritional markers in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), and to calculate the normalization rate of serum C-reactive protein (CRP), defined as the time for a 50% decrease, during the initial treatment of these patients. The long-term sequential changes of inflammatory and nutritional markers in patients with CAP have not been previously well-documented. However, in the diagnostic work-up of patients with suspected infectious diseases CRP levels are often used nowadays. Serum albumin, transthyretin (prealbumin), and transferrin together with serum iron, have often been used as "nutritional markers" in patients. We therefore studied the long-term changes of these parameters in patients with CAP, as these markers also are influenced by inflammatory reactions, in pneumonia for example. All the patients within the age range 50-85 years, with the exception of immunocompromised patients, who were admitted with CAP to the Department of Infectious Diseases at Danderyd Hospital during a 12-month period (January 1992-January 1993), were reviewed for inclusion in a prospective study of the long-term sequential changes of inflammatory and nutritional markers in CAP patients. A total of 97 patients (50 men) with a mean age of 69.6 years were included in the study. Blood samples were drawn on admission, during the hospitalization period, and at the follow-up visits. Serum CRP, alpha 1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin and orosomucoid (alpha 1-acid glycoprotein) were used as acute phase proteins. However, albumin, transthyretin, and transferrin together with serum iron and percentage transferrin saturation were also included. Of all the parameters studied, CRP showed the greatest variation, already having the highest values at admission. CRP also showed, together with iron, the earliest response to recovery in the patients. The median time for a 50% decrease of CRP was 3.3 days for the patients (n = 73) with more than two CRP values measured during the first nine days. Transthyretin responded faster to patient recovery than did albumin. CRP showed the greatest amplitude of changes and together with iron and percentage saturation of transferrin it also showed the earliest response to recovery in patients with CAP. This indicates that CRP is the best of the parameters studied for use in diagnostic work-up and in follow up.
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PMID:Sequential changes of inflammatory and nutritional markers in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. 920 Feb 69

This study describes a short term inhalation bioassay in rats to predict the potential for inhaled particles to produce chronic lung disease in humans (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis). To validate the method, rats were exposed for 6 h or 3 days to various concentrations of two reference materials: (1) a known fibrogenic material (i.e., aerosolized alpha-quartz silica particles in the form of Berkeley Min-U-Sil (Pennsylvania Glass and Sand Company, Pittsburgh, PA), or (2) carbonyl iron (CI) particles, as a negative control. Cells and fluids from groups of sham and dust exposed animals were recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and protein values were measured in BAL fluids at several times postexposure. Cells were identified, counted, and evaluated for viability. The lungs of additional exposed animals were processed for histopathology. Although particle deposition patterns for the two dusts were similar, brief exposures to silica particles produced a persistent pulmonary inflammatory response characterized by neutrophil recruitment at sites of particle deposition and consistently elevated biomarkers of cytotoxicity in BAL fluids. In addition, alveolar macrophage clearance functions were impaired. Progressive histopathologic lesions were observed within 1 mo after a 3-day exposure. Light and electron microscopy of silica exposed lung tissue revealed a chronically active pulmonary inflammatory response characterized by hyperplasia of Type II alveolar epithelial cells and the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils into alveoli and interstitial compartments. The lesions were progressive, leading to the development of a multifocal, granulomatous-type pneumonitis within 2 mo postexposure. In contrast to the observed effects of silica, 3-day exposures to CI particles produced no significant adverse biochemical or histopathological effects on pulmonary tissues. These results demonstrate that short term, high dose inhalation exposures of silica produce effects similar to those previously observed using intratracheal instillation or chronic inhalation models and lend support to this method as a reliable short term bioassay for evaluating the pulmonary toxicity and mechanisms associated with exposure to new and untested respirable materials.
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PMID:Initiating the risk assessment process for inhaled particulate materials: development of short term inhalation bioassays. 924 94

A nutrition program based on home garden food production and nutrition education for mothers of young children was associated with significant reductions in morbidity from acute respiratory infection and diarrheal disease in preschool children in Viet Nam's Vinh Phu province. The nutrition program was implemented in Khai Xuan commune during 1991-93; Ching Cong commune, which did not receive the intervention, served as the control community. In Khai Xuan, the incidence of respiratory infections among children under 6 years of age decreased from 49.5% to 11.2% during the study period, while that of diarrheal disease dropped from 18.3% to 5.1%. The nutrition project was also associated with significant declines in severe pneumonia. No changes in morbidity occurred in the control commune. The intervention resulted in significantly higher intakes of vegetables, fruit, energy, protein, vitamin A, and iron by project children compared with controls. It is recommended that nutrition improvement be adopted as an infectious disease control strategy in international and national development programs, especially those in countries where respiratory and diarrheal infections are the major cause of child morbidity and mortality.
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PMID:Effect of nutrition improvement project on morbidity from infectious diseases in preschool children in Vietnam: comparison with control commune. 937 84

Respiratory infections which commonly occur in sheep and goats often result from adverse physical and physiological stress combined with viral and bacterial infections. Inevitably, Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia occurs as a result of these interactions. In this review, we present recent advances in research on the complex etiology of pneumonia involving P. haemolytica. Initially stress, induced by factors such as heat, overcrowding, exposure to inclement weather, poor ventilation, handling and transport is a major predisposing factor. Respiratory viruses including parainfluenza 3 (PI-3) virus, adenovirus type 6 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and to a lesser extent bovine adenovirus type 2, ovine adenovirus types 1 and 5, and reovirus type 1 cause respiratory infections and pneumonia. More importantly these viruses also dramatically increase the susceptibility of sheep and goats to secondary P. haemolytica infection. Primary infection of the lower respiratory tract, with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Bordetella parapertussis can increase the susceptibility of sheep and goats to secondary P. haemolytica infection. It is possible that initial infections with viral or primary bacterial agents break down the antimicrobial barrier consisting of beta defensins and anionic peptides found in epithelial cells, resident and inflammatory cells, and serous and mucous secretions of the respiratory tract. Loss of barrier integrity may release P. haemolytica from its usual commensal status. Once in the lung, P. haemolytica becomes opportunistic. To grow and colonize, P. haemolytica uses extracellular products like O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase, neuraminidase and RTX leukotoxin, as well as cell-associated products such as capsular polysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide, outer membrane proteins, proteins involved in iron acquisition and a periplasmic superoxide dismutase. In lambs and kids, pneumonic pasteurellosis can be acute, characterized by fever, listlessness, poor appetite and sudden death. Sheep and goats that survive the acute stage may recover or become chronically affected showing reduced lung capacity and weight gain efficiency and sporadic deaths may occur. This infection is detrimental to sheep and goats throughout the world and flocks and herds of small ranches, dairy operations, or large feedlots are all affected.
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PMID:Pasteurella haemolytica complicated respiratory infections in sheep and goats. 968 40

Moxilloxacin is a new fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of activity, encompassing gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It has improved activity against gram-positive species (including staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci) and anaerobes compared with ciprofloxacin. This is offset by slightly lower activity against pseudomonal species and Enterobacteriaceae. In common with other fluoroquinolones, moxifloxacin attains good penetration into respiratory tissues and fluids and its bioavailability is substantially reduced by coadministration with an antacid or iron preparation. However, moxifloxacin does not interact with theophylline or warfarin. In clinical trials in patients with community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia (CAP), acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB) or acute sinusitis, moxifloxacin 400 mg once daily achieved bacteriological and/or clinical success rates of approximately 90% or higher. Moxifloxacin was as effective as amoxicillin 1 g 3 times daily and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily in CAP and as effective as clarithromycin in AECB. In patients with sinusitis, a 7-day course of moxifloxacin 400mg once daily was as effective as a 10-day course of cefuroxime axetil 250mg twice daily. In contrast to some other fluoroquinolones, moxifloxacin appears to have a low propensity for causing phototoxic and CNS excitatory effects. The most common adverse events are gastrointestinal disturbances.
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PMID:Moxifloxacin. 1019 88

The use of zinc in metal alloys and medicinal lotions dates back before the time of Christ. Currently, most of the commercial production of zinc involves the galvanizing of iron and the manufacture of brass. Some studies support the use of zinc gluconate lozenges to treat the common cold, but there are insufficient data at this time to recommend the routine use of these lozenges. Zinc is an essential co-factor in a variety of cellular processes including DNA synthesis, behavioral responses, reproduction, bone formation, growth, and wound healing. Zinc is a relatively common metal with an average concentration of 50 mg/kg soil and a range of 10-300 mg/kg soil. Meat, seafood, dairy products, nuts, legumes, and whole grains contain relatively high concentrations of zinc. The mobility of zinc in anaerobic environments is poor and therefore severe zinc contamination occurs primarily near points sources of zinc release. The recommended daily allowance for adults is 15 mg zinc. The ingestion of 1-2 g zinc sulfate produces emesis. Zinc compounds can produce irritation and corrosion of the gastrointestinal tract, along with acute renal tubular necrosis and interstitial nephritis. Inhalation of high concentrations of zinc chloride from smoke bombs detonated in closed spaces may cause chemical pneumonitis and adult respiratory distress syndrome. In the occupational setting inhalation of fumes from zinc oxide is the most common cause of metal fume fever (fatigue, chills, fever, myalgias, cough, dyspnea, leukocytosis, thirst, metallic taste, salivation). Zinc compounds are not suspected carcinogens. Treatment of zinc toxicity is supportive. Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (CaNa2EDTA) is the chelator of choice based on case reports that demonstrate normalization of zinc concentrations, but there are few clinical data to confirm the efficacy of this agent.
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PMID:Zinc. 1038 62

We describe an unusual case of Hallervorden-Spatz disease (HSD). After presenting with limb rigidospasticity at the age of 9 years, our patient developed progressive dementia, spastic tetraparesis and myoclonic movements, leading to akinetic mutism. He died of pneumonia at the age of 39 years. Autopsy revealed a severely atrophic brain, weighing 510 g. Histologically, there were iron deposits in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata, and numerous axonal spheroids throughout the brain and spinal cord. Neurofibrillary tangles were abundant in the hippocampus, cerebral neocortex, basal ganglia and brain stem. Neuritic plaques and amyloid deposits were absent. Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, which were immunolabeled by anti-alpha-synuclein, were found in the brain stem, cerebral cortex and spinal gray matter. Sarkosyl-insoluble tau extracted from the temporal cortex resolved on immunoblots into three major bands of 60, 64 and 68 kDa and a minor band of 72 kDa, as reported for Alzheimer's disease. The present case, together with a few similar cases reported previously, may represent a particular subset of neuroaxonal dystrophy, i.e., HSD associated with extensive accumulation of both tau and alpha-synuclein.
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PMID:Juvenile-onset generalized neuroaxonal dystrophy (Hallervorden-Spatz disease) with diffuse neurofibrillary and lewy body pathology. 1066 79


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