Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eighteen recipients of allogeneic T cell-depleted bone marrow who developed 22 episodes of interstitial pneumonitis were investigated by bronchoalveolar lavage for the cause of pneumonitis. The cells obtained were examined using a panel of monoclonal antibodies with immunocytochemical techniques to identify lymphocyte subsets and the presence of surface molecules indicative of lymphocyte activation. The majority of patients had an excess of lymphocytes in lavage and most of these cells were positively stained with the McAb recognizing the CD8 antigen (suppressor/cytotoxic type T cells). Although the proportions of CD4+ (helper type) T cells were below normal, the absolute numbers were within normal limits, thus the CD4:CD8 ratio was consistently 1:1 or less. A large proportion of the CD8+ cells displayed HLA-DR molecules (RFDR1+), interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptors (CD25+) and high concentration of CD7 antigen (RFT2+). Further analysis revealed that most CD8+ cells were CD5+ (RFT1+) yet a large proportion (20-40%) were CD5-. A majority of CD8+ cells was also CD38+ (RFT10+) and Leu7+. No clear correlation between the emergence of a raised proportion of activated CD8+ cells and diagnosed cytomegalovirus infection was found. These results demonstrate, however, that cells with the phenotype of the resident T cells of the bronchial epithelium (CD8+CD5-) emerge to the air spaces and express activation markers. This raises the intriguing paradox of an aggressive local immune response occurring in an otherwise immunosuppressed group of patients.
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PMID:Pneumonitis in bone marrow transplant recipients results from a local immune response. 220 68

Cellularity and T-lymphocyte to T-lymphocyte subpopulation ratio were examined in 37 cases of interstitial pulmonary disease as well as in two healthy subjects in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) using monoclonal antibody indirect immunofluorescence technique. In BAL, active sarcoidosis cases (n = 18) were found to have increased T-lymphocytes of helper phenotype (CD4) accompanied by a markedly heightened CD4/CD8 proportion. Conversely, T-lymphocytes of the suppressor cytotoxic phenotype (CD8) with markedly reduced CD4/CD8 proportion predominated in the BAL of cases with hypersensitive pneumonitis (HP). Case group having sarcoidosis (S) after corticosteroid therapy (n = 11) showed a reduction in the proportion of T-lymphocytes (CD4) as well as in that of CD4/CD8 in BAL. An analysis of T-lymphocytic subpopulation in BAL could be helpful in diagnosing pulmonary interstitial disease, and give an insight into disease activity.
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PMID:The role of T-lymphocyte subpopulation in bronchoalveolar lavage in pulmonary parenchyma diseases. 225 84

Fifty-six human immunodeficiency virus seropositive-women and 76 human immunodeficiency virus seronegative-women had known CD4 cell values and were followed up throughout pregnancy. The women with seronegative results and the 40 with seropositive results and CD4 (helper cell) counts consistently greater than 300 cells/mm3 had no serious infections during pregnancy. Among the 16 with seropositive results and counts that fell below 300 cells/mm3, three developed opportunistic infections, one had pneumonia, and one had a post-cesarean-section abscess. Human immunodeficiency virus seropositive-women with low CD4 counts are at markedly increased risk of serious infections during pregnancy. The consequences of this for fetal health, pregnancy management, maternal well-being, and human immunodeficiency virus testing policies are discussed.
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PMID:Serious infections during pregnancy among women with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. 230 13

In an open prospective study in the AIDS Outpatient Department of the Frankfurt University Clinic the efficacy of pentamidine aerosol at a dosage of 200 mg every 14 days in the primary and secondary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was tested. The incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was reduced by more than 75% in the group of patients receiving pentamidine additionally by inhalation as compared with a historical cohort given azidothymidine alone. The results of the study suggest that a CD4-positive cell count of less than 50/microliters with a concomitant secondary lung infection promotes the development of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. There was no correlation between the incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and the number of previous disease episodes. No systemic toxicity of pentamidine aerosol was established.
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PMID:[Prospective study of primary and secondary prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with pentamidine aerosol]. 237 30

A 5-month-old white girl having persistent oral candidiasis was brought to medical attention because of acute respiratory distress, pneumonia, and hypoxia that worsened despite supportive care and antibiotics. Bronchial lavage fluid yielded Pneumocystis carinii. The diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was suspected, although enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot tests were both negative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody. Immunologic evaluation included the following results: a low normal CD4/CD8 ratio 0.88, CD4 lymphocytes 493/microL, and elevated IgA 539 mg/dL and IgM 175 mg/dL with normal IgG 492 mg/dL. Lymphocyte stimulation study results were depressed. Lymphocytes sent for culture were subsequently positive for HIV. The mother was HIV antibody positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot but belonged to no high-risk group and was asymptomatic except for chronic diarrhea. The father was HIV antibody negative. The patient was treated with pentamidine and IV gamma-globulin with good clinical response and a rapid decrease of IgM and IgA toward normal values. Subsequent candidal pneumonia and candidal esophagitis were treated successfully with amphotericin B. The patient has received prophylactic IV gamma-globulin infusions for 6 months and remains HIV negative by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. This case of pediatric AIDS highlights the need to consider HIV infection in the differential diagnosis of any child with physical findings or illnesses suggestive of AIDS-related complex or AIDS, even when HIV serologic findings are negative and parents belong to no high-risk group. Parental testing for HIV antibody is suggested in such cases.
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PMID:Pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with negative human immunodeficiency virus antibody response by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. 244 52

In regard to AIDS, attention has focused on Africa for the following reasons: 1) Solid evidence indicates that antibodies against HIV were present in African sera collected in the early 1960s. 2) Up to 1986, AIDS epidemiology was hampered by inconsistent demographic data, inadequate public health services, and scanty laboratory evidence. 3) Prevalent infection routes in Africa are not entirely overlapping with Western countries. 4) Clinical aspects of AIDS progression in Africa appear linked to the different opportunistic agents and to the prevailing hygienic and social conditions. In 1983, in Rwanda and Zaire, the annual incidence of HIV infection ranged from 17 to 800/million and 170/ million, respectively. In the first five months of 1985, the range of annual incidence in Africa was 50-1000/million. In Zaire, the male-female infection ratio was 1:1.2 and the average age of infected people was 33.6 years. Seropositivity ranged from 1% to 15%. The distribution of African AIDS is characterized by heterosexual transmission, transmission via contaminated syringes, blood transfusion, and maternal-fetal transmission. Lack of condom use among prostitutes and multiple partners are the main routes of heterosexual transmission. Other routes are high risk sexual practices as well as traditional and tribal rituals (clitoridectomy/female genital mutilation). Perinatal infection results from maternal-fetal transmission but also from blood transfusion and the use of unsterilized syringes. In 1986, in Zaire, among 2384 hospital workers, significantly more seropositivity occurred in a group who had had injections in the previous three years. A 1986 study also hinted at the possible role of insects in HIV infection. The major symptoms of AIDS in an African context, in addition to the usual depletion of CD4 lymphocytes, include diarrhea and weight loss, candida, cryptococcus, cytomegalovirus, cryptosporidium, and herpes simplex. Only 14% of AIDS patients in Africa have pneumonia carinii as compared with 63% of AIDS patients in Europe. The concomitant infection with both HIV and tuberculosis is particularly high in Africa.
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PMID:[AIDS in Africa]. 248 91

During a 12-month period from August 1, 1986 to July 31, 1987, a study of primary chemoprophylaxis with dapsone for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was undertaken in immunodeficient patients who were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. One attack of P. carinii pneumonia occurred among 16 patients who received chemoprophylaxis immediately that a T-helper (CD4) lymphocyte count of less than 0.2 x 10(9)/L was recorded compared with 16 attacks in the historical control group of 46 similar patients who did not receive chemoprophylaxis (log-rank test, chi 2(1) = 3.72; P = 0.05).
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PMID:Primary dapsone chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. 252 52

Immune function and nutritional indices were studied in adult highland Papua New Guinea (PNG) patients with pneumonia, PNG highland controls and expatriate controls living in the Papua New Guinea highlands. Compared to PNG controls, pneumonia patients had higher serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G concentrations, higher salivary IgA:albumin ratios, lower total body weights and a haematological pattern suggesting iron deficiency. PNG controls and pneumonia patients had fewer circulating CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes than expatriate controls. The proportion of lymphocytes carrying neither T nor B cell markers was higher in PNG subjects than in expatriate controls. These observations indicate that PNG adult pneumonia patients are a distinguishable subpopulation of PNG adults who may be more susceptible than the general population to pneumonia. Decreased circulating T lymphocyte numbers may be, or reflect, a separate risk factor for the entire population.
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PMID:Immune function in adult highland Papua New Guinea patients with pneumonia. 260 85

Establishing the diagnosis of drug-induced pneumonitis is always difficult and requires that the following criteria be met: administration of the drug on a long-term basis; knowledge that the drug is able to induce pulmonary disorders; occurrence during therapy of interstitial pneumonitis with clinical, radiological and functional characteristics of this type of lung disease; exclusion of all other causes of interstitial pneumonitis (cardiac failure, infections, collagen vascular diseases, malignancies); bronchoalveolar lavage specimen, revealing lymphocytosis with an inverted CD4/CD8 lymphocyte ratio, isolated or associated with neutrophil and/or eosinophil alveolitis; finally, full recovery within several weeks or months after drug withdrawal unless irreversible pulmonary fibrosis has occurred. Certain specific characteristics correspond to the therapeutic class of the drug, i.e. antimicrobial, cardiovascular, antiinflammatory, neurological, metabolic, antiallergy or some other drugs.
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PMID:[Drug-induced pneumopathies (excluding cytostatic drugs)]. 261 Apr 52

The incidence and gravity of infectious diseases in aged humans were known and feared before the age of antibiotics. Today the phenomenon, even if forgotten, still exists in old people's hospices where cross-infection flourishes. Although death in the elderly as a result of hospice-induced pneumonia may not attract public attention, a proportion of the public is still affected by death from cancer in the old. Their reaction is understandable, as it is at about 40 years of age that aging-related spontaneous tumors start to appear, after which their incidence tends to increase. The same phenomenon has been observed for spontaneous tumors in mice, in which they appear after 16 months of age. After this age, we have observed the decrease of T- and B-lymphocyte immune functions and their possible restoration parallel to tumor appearance prophylaxis, with the application of bestatin after the said 16 months. This cell regulator is also able to restore the CD4+ CD8- lymphocyte count in humans (possibly lowered after the age of 40 yr), but only if the CD4- CD8+ count is also reduced. A trial on the possible prevention or retardation of human tumor appearance by application of bestatin after the age of 40 yr is indicated.
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PMID:Immunity, infection, malignancy and aging: possible immunity restoration and tumor prevention. 263 75


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