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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type b was isolated from the pleural fluid of a 15-month-old infant with pneumonia and empyema. The patient was cured when chloramphenicol treatment was substituted for ampicillin.
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PMID:Ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia and empyema in an infant. 108 84

Ampicillin introduced in 1961 has been administered in the treatment of diverse infections by both oral and parenteral means. Oral infections of the upper airways such as otitis media, bronchitis, and pneumonia have responded with high success rates since the microorganisms involved have remained sensitive to ampicillin. Similarly, out-patient urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and enterococci are cured. Typhoid fever may yet be treated with ampicillin, but shigellosis has become refractory with the development of resistant strains. Ampicillin has assumed a prominent role in the treatment of gonorrhoea. Parenteral ampicillin is still a mainstay of the treatment of Hemophilus meningitis, but the recent appearance of ampicillin resistant strains may become a serious problem. A number of derivatives and analogues of ampicillin have been developed. Among the compounds, hetacillin, metampicillin and pivampicillin which hydrolyze in the body to yield ampicillin, only pivampicillin appears to offer advantage over the parent compound. Blood levels are twice those of a comparable dose of ampicillin. However, more comparisons with ampicillin in clinical situations are needed. The other analogues of ampicillin are epicillin, cyclacillin and amoxicillin. Epicillin has no superiority to ampicillin, and the cyclacillin data do not show clear superiority over ampicillin in spite of initially high blood levels, since the compound is less active and so rapidly cleared from the body. Amoxicillin, on the other hand, has been shown to have it vitro activity equal to ampicillin and to produce higher blood levels for a longer period of time. Clinical studies have substantiated efficacy in treatment of otitis media, pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonitis, and urinary tract infections at doses half those of ampicillin. It has been effective in gonorrhoea and typhoid, but not in shigellosis. It would seem that to date only pivampicillin and amoxicillin, particularly the later, should be considered as replacements of ampicillin in oral therapy.
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PMID:Aminopenicillins - clinical pharmacology and use in disease states. 109 2

Experimental pneumonia was produced in calves by the endobronchial inoculation of pneumonic lung homogenates. Irradiated homogenates produced minimal pneumonia. Ampicillin treatment of the homogenates and the experimental calves reduced the extent of pneumonia. Treatment with tylosin tartrate prevented experimental pneumonia. These results suggest that the total pneumonia was due to organisms susceptible to tylosin tartrate and that the residual pneumonia remaining after ampicillin treatment was due to organisms susceptible to tylosin tartrate but not to ampicillin. Of the organisms isolated from the lungs, the ones in this latter category most likely to be responsible are Mycoplasma dispar and ureaplasmas (T-mycoplasmas).
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PMID:Experimentally produced calf pneumonia. 126 54

The clinical presentation, complications and sensitivity pattern was studied in 30 cases of enteric fever. Fever was the main presenting feature in all. Other associated predominant presenting feature were vomiting in 15 (50%), Loose motion 9 (30%), Cough 6 (20%), headache 4 (13.33%) and altered sensorium in 2 (6.66%). The various complications observed during hospital stay were myocarditis 5 (6.16%), Paralytic ileus 2 (6.66%), Pneumonia 1 (3.33%) and Joint effusion in 2 (6.66%) cases respectively. In laboratory parameters-mild elevation of blood urea and SGOT/SGPT were detected in 1st week, which returned to normal in 2-3 weeks time. In vitro sensitivity of organism isolated (24 cases) were as follow--Chloramphenicol 7 (29.16%), Ampicillin 8 (33.33%), Gentamicin 22 (91.66%), Amikacin 24 (100%), Cefotaxime 22 (91.66%), Ciprofloxacin 24 (100%), and Ofloxacin 24 (100%). Clinical response to Ofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin was 100%, and fever subsided in 3-5 days.
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PMID:Changing profile of enteric fever--in summer-91. 130 27

The first case was a 73-year-old woman with chief complaints of fever, cough, purulent sputum and dyspnea. EM therapy was begun in December 1983 due to a diagnosis of diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB). Subsequently, P. aeruginosa was persistently detected, while in February 1991 at the time of an acute exacerbation of the DPB P. aeruginosa and S. pneumoniae were detected by TTA. The second case was a 65-year-old man with chief complaints of fever, cough and purulent sputum. DPB was diagnosed and EM therapy was begun in December 1985. In January 1991, pneumonia developed, at the time when S. pneumoniae was detected by TTA. In both cases, rapid disappearance of S. pneumoniae from the sputum and alleviation of symptoms were obtained with carbapenem antibiotic administration. Both strains were resistant to EM, Tetracycline (TC), Minocycline (MINO) and Clindamycin (CLDM). Particularly, S. pneumoniae of case 2 showed low sensitivity to Ampicillin (ABPC), Cefotiam (CTM) and Cefoxitin (CFX) as well. These cases showed acute exacerbations due to EM-resistant pneumococcus during long-term therapy with EM, and are of interest in that they may shed light on the relation between long-term EM therapy and the emergence of resistant pneumococcus.
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PMID:[Two cases of diffuse panbronchiolitis receiving long-term erythromycin (EM) therapy with acute exacerbation due to EM-resistant pneumococcus]. 143 55

A case of pleuropulmonary infection caused by Eikenella corrodens is reported, followed by a review of clinical cases reported in the English-language literature since 1970. On the basis of this review, the predisposing factors, clinical features, and principles of diagnosis and treatment of this infection are outlined. Although infection may occur at any age, it seems to occur most often in patients less than or equal to 14 or greater than or equal to 44 years of age. Adult patients commonly have some underlying medical illness, pleuropulmonary malignancy being the most common. Patients present with a variable combination of fever, cough, and pleuritic chest pain. Four radiographic patterns may be seen: pleural effusion, pneumonia, cavitation, or a combination of these. Ampicillin and penicillin G are effective therapeutic agents; although the susceptibility of E. corrodens to penicillin G has been accepted as the rule, it may not always prevail. The need for increased awareness of this organism as a cause of pleuropulmonary disease is stressed because it is resistant to clindamycin, an agent that is increasingly used to treat anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections.
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PMID:Pleuropulmonary infections caused by Eikenella corrodens. 156 74

We reviewed the clinical and laboratory presentation of Haemophilus species bacteremia at our institution, with special attention to predisposing and prognostic factors. Of 36 cases, 18 presented with pneumonia, 1 with cellulitis, and another with sinusitis. No cases of meningitis or endocarditis were detected. Most episodes were caused by Haemophilus influenzae, and the overall response rate to treatment was 72%. Factors including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, alcoholism, prior splenectomy, and neutropenia did not play an important role in these patients' infections. Most of the isolates serotyped were found to be nontypable. The occurrence of ampicillin resistance was 6% throughout the study. Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and second-generation cephalosporins were all effective therapeutic regimens. Bacteremia due to Haemophilus species remains an uncommon infection in patients with cancer, despite the predominance of traditional predisposing factors.
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PMID:Haemophilus species bacteremia in patients with cancer. A 13-year experience. 273 Feb 52

Three fatal cases of listerial endocarditis were studied. The first case occurred in an apparently healthy 58-year-old man, who presented with symptoms of pneumonitis. The second case developed in a 75-year-old woman with adenocarcinoma of the lung and aortic stenosis. In the third patient, an 83-year-old woman, aortic valve vegetations with perforations were found at necropsy. A colonic adenocarcinoma was found in the first and third cases. Ampicillin, alone or with an aminoglycoside, was the antibiotic used. Urgent valve replacement was performed in the first case. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from blood cultures in all three cases. A review of 41 other patients with listerial endocarditis showed a nonspecific clinical picture, but septic complications occurred in one-half of the cases. Thirty-nine patients had at least one predisposing factor, which was underlying heart disease in 25 cases. The mortality rate was 48%.
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PMID:Fatal endocarditis due to Listeria monocytogenes. 329 64

A murine model of bacteremic Haemophilus influenzae type b pneumonia was used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacies of the quinolone antimicrobial agents enoxacin and ofloxacin compared with those of ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Ampicillin-susceptible (AS) and ampicillin-resistant (AR) challenge strains were employed. Treatment with enoxacin or ofloxacin produced intrapulmonary killing of H. influenzae that was superior to that achieved with ampicillin (P less than 0.01 to P less than 0.001 for both AS and AR strains). Ofloxacin and enoxacin also provided killing greater than that with chloramphenicol for the AS strain (P less than 0.01 to P less than 0.001). For the AR strain, ofloxacin provided killing greater than that obtained with chloramphenicol (P less than 0.001). Survival from AS strain pneumonia was 60% in enoxacin-treated and 78% in ofloxacin-treated animals compared with 41% for chloramphenicol-treated and 23% for ampicillin-treated groups. We conclude that enoxacin and ofloxacin may be effective antimicrobial agents in treating either AS or AR strains causing H. influenzae pneumonia.
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PMID:Comparative evaluation of enoxacin, ofloxacin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol for treatment of experimental Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia. 349 34

Fundamental and clinical studies on BRL 25000 granules were carried out in the pediatric field. BRL 25000 is a formulation comprising 1 part of clavulanic acid (CVA) and 2 parts of amoxicillin (AMPC). The MICs of BRL 25000 and AMPC were assessed against 24 clinically isolated strains of S. aureus (including 23 beta-lactamase producing strains), 22 S. pyogenes, 20 E. coli (8 beta-lactamase producing strains), 24 K. pneumoniae (24 beta-lactamase producing strains), 20 H. influenzae (6 beta-lactamase producing strains). BRL 25000 showed MIC80 (cumulatively 80% of strains were inhibited) at 6.25 micrograms/ml against S. aureus, less than or equal to 0.10 micrograms/ml against inst S. pyogenes, 12.5 micrograms/ml against E. coli, 6.25 micrograms/ml against K. pneumoniae and 0.39 micrograms/ml against H. influenzae. BRL 25000 showed no improvement in MIC terms against beta-lactamase nonproducing strains compared with AMPC. However, BRL 25000 was markedly more effective against beta-lactamase producing strains. Thus BRL 25000 was up to 8 fold more active against S. aureus, 2 to 64 fold against E. coli, 4 to 128 fold against K. pneumoniae, 4 to 16 fold against H. influenzae than AMPC. Following oral administration of BRL 25000 granules (at a dose level of 12.5 mg/kg) to 2 children aged 9 and 11 years, the mean peak serum concentrations of AMPC and CVA were 8.33 +/- 2.43 micrograms/ml and 4.44 +/- 1.65 micrograms/ml respectively 1 hour after dosing. The half-lives of AMPC and CVA were 1.35 +/- 0.42 hours and 0.91 +/- 0.05 hour, respectively. The urinary excretion was 48.21 +/- 3.83% for AMPC and 16.90 +/- 7.06% for CVA in the first 6 hours after administration. In clinical studies, 23 pediatric patients aged 2 months to 12 years with bacterial infections were treated with BRL 25000 granules and the clinical effectiveness, bacteriological response and side effects were evaluated. The clinical response was assessed in 23 cases, 3 with acute rhinitis, 6 with acute purulent tonsillitis, 5 with acute bronchitis, 4 with acute pneumonia, 3 with impetigo, 1 with furunculosis and 1 with periproctal abscess. Results were excellent in 13 cases, good in 7, fair in 3 and hence the efficacy rate (excellent and good cases) was 87.0% (20/23). In particular the clinical response in 9 cases with infections due to beta-lactamase producing organisms was excellent in 6, good in 2, fair in 1 and the efficacy rate was 88.9% (8/9).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Experimental and clinical studies on BRL 25000 (clavulanic acid-amoxicillin) in the pediatric field]. 384 22


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