Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ampicillin introduced in 1961 has been administered in the treatment of diverse infections by both oral and parenteral means. Oral infections of the upper airways such as otitis media, bronchitis, and pneumonia have responded with high success rates since the microorganisms involved have remained sensitive to ampicillin. Similarly, out-patient urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and enterococci are cured. Typhoid fever may yet be treated with ampicillin, but shigellosis has become refractory with the development of resistant strains. Ampicillin has assumed a prominent role in the treatment of gonorrhoea. Parenteral ampicillin is still a mainstay of the treatment of Hemophilus meningitis, but the recent appearance of ampicillin resistant strains may become a serious problem. A number of derivatives and analogues of ampicillin have been developed. Among the compounds, hetacillin, metampicillin and pivampicillin which hydrolyze in the body to yield ampicillin, only pivampicillin appears to offer advantage over the parent compound. Blood levels are twice those of a comparable dose of ampicillin. However, more comparisons with ampicillin in clinical situations are needed. The other analogues of ampicillin are epicillin, cyclacillin and amoxicillin. Epicillin has no superiority to ampicillin, and the cyclacillin data do not show clear superiority over ampicillin in spite of initially high blood levels, since the compound is less active and so rapidly cleared from the body. Amoxicillin, on the other hand, has been shown to have it vitro activity equal to ampicillin and to produce higher blood levels for a longer period of time. Clinical studies have substantiated efficacy in treatment of otitis media, pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonitis, and urinary tract infections at doses half those of ampicillin. It has been effective in gonorrhoea and typhoid, but not in shigellosis. It would seem that to date only pivampicillin and amoxicillin, particularly the later, should be considered as replacements of ampicillin in oral therapy.
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PMID:Aminopenicillins - clinical pharmacology and use in disease states. 109 2

Parenteral immunization of C3H mice with viable Mycoplasma pulmonis organisms protected them from pneumonia induced by intranasal inoculation of these organisms. Spleen cells obtained from immunized mice were ineffective in preventing syngeneic recipients from developint respiratory disease. In contrast, convalescent-phase serum enhanced the clearance of mycoplasmas from the respiratory tract of mice challenged with a small number of organisms. Further, although 'immune' serum had no detectable effect on the number of mycoplasmas in the respiratory tract of mice challenged with a large number of organisms, such animals did not develop pneumonia. Since the pneumonia appears to be the results of the host's immune response to the mycoplasma, it is suggested that the transferred 'immune' serum may act by suppressing the immune response so that mice develop less severe lung lesions. This suggestion is supported by the observation that the complement-fixing antibody response of passively immunized mice was suppressed.
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PMID:Effects of active and passive immunization on Mycoplasma pulmonis-induced pneumonia in mice. 127 33

In a large multinational study, the clinical and bacteriological efficacy of intravenous cefuroxime 750 mg t.i.d. followed by oral cefuroxime axetil 500 mg b.i.d. was compared to that of amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid (CA) administered as 1.2 g intravenously t.i.d. followed by 625 mg orally t.i.d. in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalised patients. A total of 512 patients were entered (256 in each treatment group). All were suffering from pneumonia or acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis or bronchiectasis and required initial parenteral antibiotic therapy. Parenteral therapy lasted 48 to 72 h and was followed by five days of oral therapy. The clinical responses in the two treatment groups were very similar: 223 of 256 (87.1%) patients were cured or improved with cefuroxime/cefuroxime axetil compared to 220 of 256 (85.9%) with amoxicillin/CA. Positive pre-treatment sputum samples were obtained from 44% of the patients. Clearance rates obtained were again similar: 72.8% with cefuroxime/cefuroxime axetil and 70% with amoxicillin/CA. Ten percent of the isolates were beta-lactamase producers, similar numbers of which were cleared in both groups. Both regimens were generally well tolerated, with only 5% of patients treated with the cefuroxime regimen and 4.3% of patients treated with amoxicillin/CA experiencing drug-related adverse events. Cefuroxime/cefuroxime axetil "follow-on" therapy produces clinical and bacteriological efficacy equivalent to that of amoxicillin/CA, with the advantage of twice daily oral administration.
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PMID:Cefuroxime and cefuroxime axetil versus amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. 139 25

Ten days after starting military service in a police barracks a 25-year-old man developed left middle and lower lobe pneumonia which did not respond to ampicillin (8 g daily) and gentamycin (120 mg daily). Parenteral administration of doxycycline (100 mg daily) was equally ineffective. However, the fever fell on administration of cefotiam (4 g daily). Antibody tests demonstrated Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 as the causative organism. Because of the confined accommodation of the conscripts the source of the infection was thought to be the hot water system in the barracks. In two other policemen the demonstration of antibodies and of urine antigens confirmed Legionella infection as cause of an acute respiratory illness (Pontiac disease). Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 subtype Philadelphia, 1-8 colony-forming units per ml, was isolated from six of 14 hot water samples in the barracks. This subtype possesses a virulence-associated antigen which is found in the majority of patient isolates of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1.
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PMID:[A minor epidemic due to Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1]. 154 2

Several viruses may cause more or less severe acute respiratory infections in man, some of which are followed by systemic infection. Only for influenza and measles are licensed vaccines available at present. The protection induced by influenza vaccines, which are based on inactivated whole virus or viral subunits, depends largely on the matching of vaccine strain and circulating virus. Measles vaccines, which are based on attenuated live virus, have been quite effective in controlling the disease in vaccinated populations in the industrialized world. In developing countries, severe measles infections occur in infants from six to nine months of age, which necessitates the vaccination of children of less than six months. At that time maternal antibodies, that may interfere with the induction of protection, may still be present. Therefore, instead of using the parenteral route, the possibility to use the mucosal route of primary immunization is also investigated for vaccination with attenuated live measles vaccines. The use of inactivated measles vaccines has resulted in a state of immunity which upon exposure to the virus may induce an atypical measles syndrome including a severe pneumonia. Measles virus proteins presented in an iscom matrix have recently been shown to induce functional B and T cell responses to both the surface glycoproteins of the virus. These responses could also be induced in the presence of virus neutralizing antibodies and they proved to be protective in several animal model systems. Many of the problems that have been encountered in the development of measles vaccines, proved to be similar in the development of vaccines against other paramyxoviruses causing acute respiratory infections in man, including respiratory syncytial virus. Parenteral application of inactivated and attenuated live vaccines against these paramyxoviruses has generally had little success. Topical application of attenuated live vaccines has been more successful, and also the use of vaccinia recombinant viruses expressing foreign paramyxoviral glycoproteins has shown promising results in laboratory animals. Live vaccines based on adenovirus types 4 and 7 in oral enteric-coated vaccines, which lead to virus replication in the intestines but not in the respiratory tract have been included in military vaccination programs. The possibility to replace e.g. the E3 region with foreign DNA makes adenoviruses also suitable as cloning vectors for proteins of other respiratory viruses. Although live attenuated vaccines against some of the serotypes of rhinoviruses have shown promising results, the generation of a multivalent vaccine against this epidemiologically most significant cause of acute respiratory infections will be almost impossible, due to the multiplicity of serotypes involved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Vaccination against acute respiratory virus infections and measles in man. 158 42

Out of 115 victims to the breakdown, 56 persons had radiation burns, 17 the intestinal syndrome, 80 the oropharyngeal syndrome, and 7 interstitial radiation pneumonitis. In the lethal outcome, of crucial importance were radiation burns (over 40% of the body surface) (19 persons) and radiation pneumonitis (7 persons). The grave intestinal and oropharyngeal syndromes were accompanied by other fatal manifestations of radiation injuries. Hemoperfusion, plasmapheresis, continuous heparinization and administration of freshly frozen plasma did not bring about any improvement. The local use of different remedies under aseptic conditions was the leading method of the treatment of radiation burns in the acute period. Parenteral feeding turned out to produce a beneficial effect in the treatment of the intestinal and oropharyngeal syndromes.
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PMID:[The diagnosis, clinical picture and treatment of acute radiation sickness in the victims of the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station. II. Non-bone marrow syndromes of radiation lesions and their treatment]. 258 78

Some of the newer quinolone derivatives (e.g., ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, fleroxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, and amifloxacin) can be administered intravenously. Parenteral quinolone therapy is indicated primarily for patients receiving intensive care or in the early postoperative phase, for perioperative prophylaxis, and for patients with disturbed absorption. With respect to pharmacokinetic parameters, there are no substantial differences between parenteral and oral preparations of the quinolones. The quinolones have a long elimination half-life, a high volume of distribution, low protein-binding capacity, renal as well as extrarenal elimination, and limited biotransformation. Thus far, the limited data concerning the clinical efficacy and safety of quinolones are available only for the parenteral forms of ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, and ofloxacin. The data available indicate good to excellent clinical and antimicrobiologic responses in patients with complicated urinary tract infections; respiratory tract infections; intraabdominal, bone and joint, skin and soft tissue infections; and difficult-to-treat infections (e.g., septicemia, nosocomial pneumonia, and fever of unknown origin in neutropenic patients).
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics and clinical results of parenterally administered new quinolones in humans. 267 64

The quinolones represent a unique class of drugs which offer a new option for clinicians to treat a wide variety of infections in the elderly patient. Whereas the emergence of resistance is a major problem with the older quinolones such as nalidixic acid, this appears to be a minor problem with the new fluoroquinolones such as norfloxacin or ciprofloxacin. These drugs are bactericidal and are well-absorbed orally. Parenteral preparations should be available in the future. The drugs are particularly active against gram-negative bacilli, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The fluoroquinolones are less active against pneumococci, Group A streptococci, Pseudomonas cepacia, and most anaerobes. The drugs appear potentially useful to treat urinary tract infections caused by multiply resistant pathogens, prostatitis, gastrointestinal pathogens, osteomyelitis, gram-negative pneumonia, and sexually transmitted diseases. Adverse effects occur in approximately 10% of patients and include gastrointestinal symptoms and potential central nervous system toxicity in patients receiving theophylline, non-steroidal drugs, or caffeine. The oral quinolones may reduce the costs of treating serious infections in the elderly.
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PMID:Quinolones: their uses in geriatric infections. 333 36

Two commercial live virus infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) vaccines for intranasal administration and an inactivated polyvalent calf pneumonia vaccine were compared for safety and efficacy in calves against experimental IBR infections. All three products were clinically safe for use in young calves; a mild, transient, febrile response was induced by one of the live vaccines. Vaccinal virus was recovered for up to 16 days after vaccination from nasal secretions of all calves given live vaccine. Both live vaccines stimulated a serum neutralising antibody response, but the inactivated vaccine failed to elicit any serological response. Following intranasal challenge four months after the first dose of vaccine, all live virus vaccinates remained systemically healthy. A slight nasal discharge and a few rapidly healing ulcers of the nasal mucosa were the only abnormalities observed. Both the group given the inactivated vaccine and the unvaccinated controls developed clinical IBR with pyrexia, ocular and nasal discharges, severe ulceration of the nasal mucosa and tracheitis and tachypnoea to varying degrees of severity. Parenteral administration of dexamethasone six months after challenge induced reactivation of virus shedding followed by a rise in humoral antibody titre irrespective of the original vaccination history.
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PMID:Safety and efficacy of live and inactivated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccines. 628 8

Patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) occasionally develop hepatitis, pneumonia or esophagitis due to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection. HSV hepatitis is a rare but serious complication in liver transplantation. Acyclovir-resistant HSV strains may emerge in immunocompromised patients. Following intraperitoneal inoculation, HSV-2 induces necrotizing hepatitis in mice. We studied the virus spread and mortality following intraperitoneal inoculation of HSV-2 RK (an acyclovir-resistant recombinant virus with altered thymidine kinase activity) as compared to its parent virus 8620K. Neither the 50% lethal dose (LD50) nor the average survival time was significantly different between the two strains. Parenteral acyclovir treatment was found to be effective against 8620K but not RK infection. Parenteral foscarnet treatment was effective against both RK and 8620K, and also inhibited the spread of either virus to the liver, spinal cord and brain. Peroral foscarnet administration was found to prevent the virus growth in the liver.
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PMID:Suppression of infectious virus spread to the liver by foscarnet following lethal infection of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 2 in mice. 748 49


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