Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) dramatically increased coverage. In 1990, approximately 80% of the world's children younger than 1 year received measles vaccine, and it was estimated that around 2 million deaths were prevented. Still in 1990 an estimated 45 million cases and around 1 million deaths occurred in developing countries. In one community study in Kenya in 1985 measles accounted for 35% of reported deaths in infants 1-12 months old and for 40% of deaths in children 1-4 years old. The Schwarz vaccine was introduced in the 1960s; under most field conditions its efficacy is about 85% for children receiving the vaccine at 9 months or older. The urban poor, who usually have less access to immunization services, are usually the most at risk. Other high-risk groups include specific age groups (school children who represent cohorts from previous years when coverage was lower and who may not have been exposed to measles infection), ethnic minorities (who may have been underserved or may have rejected immunization for cultural reasons), hospitalized children who are at high risk of nosocomial transmission, and children in refugee camps. Vitamin A administered to children acutely ill with measles reduces mortality. Results from a trial in South Africa showed children treated with vitamin A had reduced risk of dying, recovered more quickly from pneumonia and diarrhea, and had less croup. In addition, symptomatic treatment for cases requires antibiotics to combat bacterial complications, and oral rehydration salts for dehydration following diarrhea. Case fatality rates can be lowered if cases reach health care facilities where appropriate care is offered early. For uncomplicated cases, supportive fluids, antipyretics, and nutritional therapy may be required. Many children need increased food intake for 4-8 weeks to recover their premeasles nutritional status.
 ...
PMID:The epidemiology of measles. 146 63

Recent animal models suggest that enteral feeding (TEN) compared to parenteral nutrition (TPN) improves resistance to infection. This prospective clinical trial examined the impact of early TEN vs. TPN in the critically injured. Seventy-five patients with an abdominal trauma index (ATI) greater than 15 and less than 40 were randomized at initial laparotomy to receive either TEN (Vivonex TEN) or TPN (Freamine HBC 6.9% and Trophamine 6%); both regimens contained 2.5% fat, 33% branched chain amino acids, and had a calorie to nitrogen ratio of 150:1. TEN was delivered via a needle catheter jejunostomy. Nutritional support was initiated within 12 hours postoperatively in both groups, and infused at a rate sufficient to render the patients in positive nitrogen balance. The study groups (TEN = 29 vs TPN = 30) were comparable in age, injury severity and initial metabolic stress. Jejunal feeding was tolerated unconditionally in 25 (86%) of the TEN group. Nitrogen balance remained equivalent throughout the study period, at day 5 TEN = -0.3 +/- 1.0 vs. TPN 0.1 +/- 0.8 gm/day. Traditional nutritional protein markers (albumin, transferrin, and retinol binding protein) were restored better in the TEN group. Infections developed in 5 (17%) of the TEN patients compared to 11 (37%) of the TPN group. The incidence of major septic morbidity was 3% (1 = abdominal abscess) in the TEN group contrasted to 20% (2 = abdominal abscess, 6 = pneumonia) with TPN. This clinical study demonstrates that TEN is well tolerated in the severely injured, and that early feeding via the gut reduces septic complications in the stressed patient.
 ...
PMID:TEN versus TPN following major abdominal trauma--reduced septic morbidity. 250 9

Treatment with high dose vitamin A has recently been recommended for children with measles in communities where vitamin A deficiency is a recognized problem. However, the relationship between vitamin A and measles mortality has not been clearly established. We studied serum vitamin A levels in 283 children less than or equal to 5 years of age admitted to Mama Yemo and Kalembe Lembe Hospitals in Kinshasa, Zaire, between January and March, 1987. Vitamin A levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Vitamin A levels ranged from less than 5 to 63 micrograms/dl (median, 8). The overall case-fatality rate was 26 per cent. On univariate analysis, age less than 24 months, pneumonia on admission, lymphopenia (less than 2000/mm3), and lower vitamin A levels were associated with death during hospitalization. In a multivariate logistic regression model, a vitamin A level less than 5 micrograms/dl was associated with fatal outcome for children younger than 24 months old (relative risk = 2.9, 95 per cent CI 1.3, 6.8), but not for older children. Further studies are needed to determine whether low vitamin A levels predispose children to severe measles and the role of vitamin A supplements in the prevention of measles mortality.
 ...
PMID:Vitamin A levels and mortality among hospitalized measles patients, Kinshasa, Zaire. 275 67

Effect of vitamin A on phagocytic activity and the state of bactericide system involving myeloperoxidase and cationic proteins was studied in neutrophils from peripheric blood of volunteers and of the patients with chronic pneumonia and lung cancer. Vitamin A was administered per os within 1 week at a daily dose of 500,000 IU. In healthy persons vitamin A, not affecting the ability of neutrophils to capture and lyse microbes, activated myeloperoxidase and increased the cationic proteins content. Under conditions of lung cancer the vitamin did not alter any patterns of phagocytosis studied. Vitamin A did not affect the capture and lysis of microbes in chronic pneumonia but increased distinctly the myeloperoxidase activity in neutrophils, impaired during the disease, and normalized partially the content of cationic proteins.
 ...
PMID:[Vitamin A: effect on phagocytosis and neutrophil bactericidal systems under normal conditions and in various pathological states]. 409 Mar 90

The vitamin A concentration in liver samples taken at autopsy from the central portion of the right lobe of 57 infants 0-1 year old was determined by a dual spectrophotometric and colorimetric assay. Death was due to respiratory disease (30%), complications of premature birth (16%), infections (14%), hemorrhage (14%), pneumonia (10%), cerebral edema (7%), and miscellaneous causes (9%). Gross malnutrition was noted in only 2 of these children. The median vitamin A concentration was 61 micrograms of retinol/g liver, with a range of 6-293 micrograms/g. The percent distribution of liver vitamin A levels in micrograms/g was: less than 5 (0%); 5-10 (7%); 10-20 (5%); 20-40 (16%); 40-80 (42%); 80-120 (14%); greater than 120 (16%). The mean liver level in 9 stillborn full-term infants (60 micrograms/g) was markedly lower than in 7 stillborn premature infants (125 micrograms/g). The median value for 22 infants from indigent families (54 micrograms/g) was lower than that of 35 infants from non-indigent families (65 micrograms/g). By applying the criteria that liver reserves of vitamin A less than or equal to 5 micrograms retinol/g of liver indicate a high risk of vitamin A deficiency and those less than 20 micrograms retinol/g of liver denote an inadequate reserve, no infant was at high risk but 12% had insufficient reserves.
 ...
PMID:Concentration of vitamin A in the liver of foetuses and infants dying of various causes in Brasilia, Brazil. 650 Aug 35

Vitamin A has been shown to be important in immunity and in differentiation of epithelial tissues. Serum concentrations of vitamin A (retinol) were measured at birth, in 54 preterm and 24 full term infants. Vitamin A concentrations were significantly lower in the preterm compared to the full term infants (9.81 +/- 0.58 micrograms/dl v. 15.58 +/- 1.00 micrograms/dl, P = 0.0001). Serum retinol and birth weight were positively correlated (r = 0.39, P = 0.0004); however, there was no correlation between maternal and infant vitamin A concentrations. The initially reduced vitamin A levels in the preterm infants were not associated with respiratory distress syndrome or pneumonia.
 ...
PMID:Serum vitamin A (retinol) concentrations and association with respiratory disease in premature infants. 756 76

The present study was carried out in order to assess the plasma levels of vitamin A, carotenoids and retinol binding protein (RBP) of three-hundred and eleven children aged from seven months to eleven years, who had a history of upper respiratory infection (URI), pneumonia and diarrhoea. The children were resident in the urban area of the Municipality of S. Paulo, Brazil, and were seen at the pediatric service of the one school-hospital. The data show that plasma vitamin A (microgram/dl) and RBP (mg/dl) levels in the diarrhoea (15.2 micrograms/dl; 1.7 mg/dl) and pneumonia (15.2 micrograms/dl; 0.7 mg/dl) groups were lower (p < 0.05) than those observed in the control (18.8 micrograms/dl; 2.6 mg/dl) and URI (19.0 micrograms/dl; 2.4 mg/dl) groups. The plasma carotenoid levels were lower in all groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). These findings corroborate the results that show low levels of vitamin A in circulation during period of infection.
 ...
PMID:[Plasma levels of vitamin A, carotenoids and retinol binding protein in children with acute respiratory infections and diarrheal diseases]. 766 38

Acute infections of childhood are associated with an increased of xerophthalmia, apparently due to depletion of vitamin A stores. The mechanism responsible for this is not known. Recently, it has been reported that severe infections in adult patients (ie, sepsis and pneumonia) result in excretion of large quantities of retinol in the urine. In 44 children hospitalized for treatment of acute diarrhea we found mean urinary excretions of 1.44 mumol retinol/24 h on day 1 of hospitalization, 0.62 mumol retinol/24 h on day 2, and 0.23 mumol/24 h on day 3. Healthy control subjects matched for age did not excrete measurable amounts of retinol in the urine. Retinol excretion was associated strongly with rotavirus diarrhea and presence of fever. Furthermore, serum retinol concentration was negatively associated with duration of diarrhea before hospitalization, suggesting that urinary excretion of retinol may be an important contributor to vitamin A depletion.
 ...
PMID:Urinary excretion of retinol in children with acute diarrhea. 776 30

Episodes of acute infection are thought to deplete body stores of vitamin A. The mechanism by which this might occur is not known, but increased metabolic requirements are presumed to play a role. We have found, however, that significant amounts of retinol and retinol-binding protein (RBP) were excreted in the urine during serious infections, whereas only trace amounts were found in the urine of healthy control subjects. The geometric mean excretion rate in 29 subjects with pneumonia and sepsis was 0.78 mumol retinol/d. Subjects with fever (temperature > or = 38.3 degrees C) excreted significantly more retinol (geometric mean = 1.67 mumol/d) than did those without fever (0.18 mumol/d; t = 3.53, P < 0.0015). Aminoglycoside administration and low glomerular filtration rates (< 35 mL/min) were also associated with higher rates of urinary retinol excretion. Thirty-four percent of patients excreted > 1.75 mumol retinol/d, equivalent to 50% of the US recommended dietary allowance. These data show that vitamin A requirements are substantially increased during serious infections because of excretion of retinol in the urine, and suggest that these losses are due to pathologic changes associated with the febrile response.
 ...
PMID:Vitamin A is excreted in the urine during acute infection. 807 70

In order to study nutritional assessment and nutritional support therapy for elderly patients, we conducted energy supply therapy on 15 elderly (aged over 75) patients disabled with diseases such as cerebrovascular disease, pneumonia and heart failure. After recovery from acute phase, they were divided into 3 groups, and assigned to 3 different energy supply methods for 2 weeks: Six (3 males, 3 females) could take hospital diet, but only could absorb about 50% of the energy, amounting only 1,000 to 1,400 kcal/day. Additional 246 kcal was given by peripheral parental nutrition (PPN). Five (2 males, 3 females) were unable to take nutrition orally. Therefore, they were given high caloric nutrients by total parental nutrition (TPN), giving (1,222 kcal daily for a week), then 1,666 kcal for another week. Four (1 male, 3 females) also could not take meals orally, and had to be nourished by enteral nutrition (EN) with a nutrient preparation of 1,120 kcal for one week, then with 1,600 kcal for another week. In all 3 groups, the indices of rapid turnover proteins (pre-albumin, retinol binding protein and transferrin), choline esterase and vitamin A significantly elevated after 2 weeks of therapy, though the increase of pre-albumin and RBP in TPN group was slightly below the significant level. The increase in rapid turnover proteins and choline esterase was greater in the order of EN, TPN and PPN. Vitamin C, on the other hand, decreased significantly with treatment in all the groups, while vitamin E remained unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Nutritional assessment and nutritional support therapy in elderly patients]. 836 Oct 76


1 2 3 4 Next >>