Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An abnormal chest shadow was pointed out in a 56-year-old woman in a health check in 2001. She had pulmonary tuberculosis at age 11. Because of repeated fever for the previous 2 years, she visited our hospital in 2003 and right upper lobe pneumonia was detected with a calcified nodule that completely obstructed the right upper lobe bronchus on CT. After admission, she spontaneously expectorated a stone. The composition of the stone was 57% calcium phosphate and 43% calcium carbonate. Radiological findings and the composition of the stone suggested that this broncholith was calcified bronchial mucus rather than a calcified lymph node that might have perforated into the airway. Bronchiectasis of the right B3 broncus was observed on CT scan after lithoptysis. Although the bronchiectasis was unchanged 2 years later, she had no symptoms, such as fever or cough.
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PMID:[Case of broncholithiasis lithoptysis occurring spontaneously after repeated pneumonia]. 1831 56

Pneumonia caused by Staphylococcus aureus is a growing concern in the health care community. We hypothesized that characterization of the early innate immune response to bacteria in the lungs would provide insight into the mechanisms used by the host to protect itself from infection. An adult mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia was utilized to define the early events in the innate immune response and to assess the changes in the airway proteome during the first 6 h of pneumonia. S. aureus actively replicated in the lungs of mice inoculated intranasally under anesthesia to cause significant morbidity and mortality. By 6 h postinoculation, the release of proinflammatory cytokines caused effective recruitment of neutrophils to the airway. Neutrophil influx, loss of alveolar architecture, and consolidated pneumonia were observed histologically 6 h postinoculation. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from mice inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or S. aureus were depleted of overabundant proteins and subjected to strong cation exchange fractionation followed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry to identify the proteins present in the airway. No significant changes in response to PBS inoculation or 30 min following S. aureus inoculation were observed. However, a dramatic increase in extracellular proteins was observed 6 h postinoculation with S. aureus, with the increase dominated by inflammatory and coagulation proteins. The data presented here provide a comprehensive evaluation of the rapid and vigorous innate immune response mounted in the host airway during the earliest stages of S. aureus pneumonia.
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PMID:Staphylococcus aureus elicits marked alterations in the airway proteome during early pneumonia. 1885 43

Cinnamon oil extracted from leaves of Cinnamomum osmophloeum has recently been proved as a promising antibacterial agent against Legionella pneumophila, an etiological agent of human pneumonia known as Legionnaires' disease. However, the pH effects on the efficacy of cinnamon oil against L. pneumophila and its applicability to recreational spring water remain unknown. We therefore determined the bactericidal activity of cinnamon oil at pH 3-10 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and in four kinds of springs with various conductivity (259-5595 micros cm(-1)) and pH (2.1-7.7) levels. Results show L. pneumophila cells were more susceptible to cinnamon oil at pH 8-10 than at pH 4-6 in PBS, which became more evident as increasing contact time from 10 to 60 min. An increase in concentration of cinnamon oil and contact time significantly increased the anti-L. pneumophila activity (P< or =0.001), indicating a consistent biocidal effect regardless of pH. Interestingly, this dose-response biocidal effect was also observed in spring waters. Moreover, L. pneumophila of 4 log CFU ml(-1) in spring waters was completely inactivated within 60 min by cinnamon oil at 300-750 microg ml(-1), with the highest inactivation in alkaline hydrogen carbonate spring. The great bioactivity of cinnamon oil demonstrates its potential to be used to control Legionella growth in recreational spring water and possibly other niches generally at basic pH, e.g., cooling towers.
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PMID:Influence of pH on bioactivity of cinnamon oil against Legionella pneumophila and its disinfection efficacy in hot springs. 1894 70

Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-deficient (p47(phox-/-)) mice are a model of human chronic granulomatous disease; these mice are prone to develop systemic infections and inflammatory diseases. The use of antibiotic (Bactrim) prophylaxis in a specific pathogen-free environment, however, impedes infection in the majority of p47(phox-/-) mice. We examined infection-free p47(phox-/-) mice between 1 and 14 months of age and found that they developed proliferative macrophage lesions containing Ym1/Ym2 protein and crystals in lung, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. Here, we show that the lung lesions progressed from single macrophages with intracellular Ym1/Ym2 protein crystals to severe diffuse crystalline macrophage pneumonia without histological evidence of either granulation tissue or pulmonary fibrosis. Ym1/Ym2 is a chitinase-like secretory protein that is transiently induced in alternatively activated macrophages during T-helper (Th)2-biased pathogenesis and during chemical and traumatic inflammation. Bronchoalveolar lavage from p47(phox-/-) mice contained significantly higher levels of Th-1 (interferon-gamma), Th-2 (interleukin-4), and Th-17 (interleukin-17)-associated cytokines than wild-type mice, as well as copious amounts of interleukin-12, indicating that Ym1-secreting p47(phox-/-) macrophages are also integrated into classically activated macrophage responses. These results suggest that p47(phox-/-) macrophages are extremely pliable, due in part to an intrinsic dysfunction of macrophage activation pathways that allows for distinct classical or alternative activation phenotypes.
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PMID:p47phox deficiency induces macrophage dysfunction resulting in progressive crystalline macrophage pneumonia. 1909 58

Streptococcus pneumonia is the common cause of sepsis and meningitis. Emergence of multiple antibiotic resistant strains in the community-acquired bacterium is catastrophic. Glucose kinase (GLK) is a regulatory enzyme capable of adding phosphate group to glucose in the first step of streptomycin biosynthesis. The activity of glucose kinase was regulated by the Carbon Catabolite Repression (CCR) system. Therefore, it is important to establish the structure-function relation of GLK in S. pneumoniae. However, a solved structure for S. pneumoniae GLK is not available at the protein data bank (PDB). Therefore, we created a model of GLK from S. pnemoniae using the X-ray structure of Glk from E. faecalis as template with MODELLER (a comparative modeling program). The model was validated using protein structure checking tools such as PROCHECK, WHAT IF and ProSA for reliability. The active site amino acid Asp114 in the template is retained in S. pneumoniae GLK model (Asp115). Solvent accessible surface area (ASA) analysis of the GLK model showed that known key residues playing important role in active site for ligand binding and metal ion binding are buried and hence not accessible to solvent. The information thus discussed provides insight to the molecular understanding of glucose kinase in S. pneumoniae.
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PMID:Insights from Streptococcus pneumoniae glucose kinase structural model. 1929 98

Cushing's syndrome results from lengthy and inappropriate exposure to excessive concentrations of either endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoids. This study described 30 patients with a novel type of severe exogenous Cushing's syndrome in a group of intravenous drug users due to illicit use and dependence on a new opioid combination, Norjizak. Thirty consecutive patients (2 women and 28 men) who presented with a novel type of severe exogenous Cushing's syndrome and other complications were admitted to the emergency departments of Qom and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, between September 2005 and September 2007 were enrolled. All participating patients were intravenous drug users who used a narcotic drug called Norjizak, a combination of different opioids with dexamethason or benzodiazepines. Patients were first evaluated and managed based on the current illness, and then entered into a detoxification program by a medical team. Clinical data were collected by an open interview and the patient's files using a standard form. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determined glucocorticoid existence in the brand. The major complaints and clinical findings were withdrawal symptoms, severe edema, osteoporotic fracture, impairment in glucose tolerance, decreased libido, and sepsis (including necrotizing pneumonia, cutaneous infection, multivalvular endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and urogenital infection). Most patients had started with 2 or 3 vials per day and then increased the dose compulsively to maximum of approximately 15 to 20 vials per day. The concentration of Dexamethhasone disodium phosphate in each 2 mL vial was 0.4 to 1 mg/mL. Heroin was also found in them. We are witnessing a special exogenous Cushing syndrome due to the mixing of opiates and dexamethasone. Norjizak syndrome is the clinical condition of poisoning with a second material when it is combined with opiates due to compulsive dose increment and long duration.
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PMID:A case series of abuse of a new opioid combination, Norjizak. 1934 Jun 81

To develop an effective nasal vaccine for Streptococcus pneumoniae, the effects of a panel of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists in combination with pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) on induction of PspA-specific antibodies and bacterial clearance were compared in mice. Mice were nasally immunized with 10 microg of TLR agonist (TLR 2-4 and 9) and 2.5 microg of PspA once per week for 3 weeks. Significantly increased levels of PspA-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA in the airways and PspA-specific IgG in plasma were found in mice administered PspA plus each TLR agonist, compared with mice administered PspA alone. In a sub-lethal pneumonia model using a serotype 3 pneumococcal strain, bacterial density in the lungs of mice was significantly reduced in mice administered PspA plus each TLR agonist, compared with mice administered either PspA alone or phosphate-buffered saline alone 3h after bacterial challenge. Similarly, enhanced bacterial clearance was found in the nasopharynx of mice administered PspA plus each TLR agonist 1 day after infection with a serotype 19F strain. Our data suggest that PspA-specific antibody induced by nasal immunization with PspA plus TLR agonist is capable of reducing the bacterial load in both the nasopharynx and lungs after challenge with pneumococci with different serotypes. Despite the skewed Th1/Th2 immune responses, the effects of nasal immunization with PspA plus each TLR agonist on bacterial clearances from the lungs 3h after infection and from nasopharynx 1 day after infection in mice were equivalent.
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PMID:Intranasal immunization with a mixture of PspA and a Toll-like receptor agonist induces specific antibodies and enhances bacterial clearance in the airways of mice. 1944 89

A controlled, randomized, blinded dose confirmation study was conducted to evaluate the larvicidal efficacy and safety of imidacloprid 10 mg/kg/moxidectin 2.5 mg/kg body weight spot-on solution in dogs experimentally inoculated with 200 infective third stage larvae (L3) of Angiostrongylus vasorum. Twenty-four adult dogs were randomly allocated to three study groups of 8 dogs each. Animals in group 1 were treated 4 days post-inoculation (dpi), those in group 2 at 32 dpi, and the dogs in group 3 were left untreated. All dogs were euthanized and necropsied 56-59 dpi. In order to determine the worm burdens in the arterial lung vessels a method of reverse lung perfusion with phosphate buffered solution after inhibition of coagulation with heparin was applied. In the control group, excretion of first stage larvae (L1) of A. vasorum started 47-55 dpi and all dogs excreted L1 at least on one sample day before euthanasia (0.1-32.5 larvae per gram of faeces). A mean of 99 (SD 42.8) adult parasites were recovered in the post-mortem examinations in these eight control dogs. In contrast, no L1 at all were found in the faeces of dogs of groups 1 and 2, nor were any adult parasites detected at necropsy. Respiratory symptoms were observed in dogs of groups 2 and 3. Pathological findings in the lungs correlated with the treatment groups: in the animals of group 1, no or minimal lesions were found, while in all those of group 2 dispersed patterns of pale pink, slightly raised and consolidated foci were present in all lung lobes. In contrast, the lungs of the dogs from group 3 were severely affected: large confluent areas were hardened, raised and discoloured, with frequent haemorrhagic patches. Pneumonia, thrombi and parasites were histologically confirmed. The lung lymph nodes were regularly enlarged. Hence, imidacloprid/moxidectin spot-on effectively eliminated fourth stage larvae (L4) and immature adult A. vasorum in experimentally infected dogs and prevented patent infections. The earlier an infected dog was treated, the less severe were the pathological lesions observed in the lungs.
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PMID:Larvicidal effect of imidacloprid/moxidectin spot-on solution in dogs experimentally inoculated with Angiostrongylus vasorum. 1980 Jul 38

Porphyromonas gingivalis aspiration pneumonia induces local and systemic cytokine responses, but the dynamic of the immune response following lung exposure to live P. gingivalis is poorly understood. Groups of 50 12-week-old male BALB/c mice were inoculated intratracheally with live P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 using low dose (2 x 10(5) colony-forming units [CFU]), high dose (2.9 x 10(9) CFU), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; sham-inoculated), and the 3 groups were sacrificed at 2, 6, 24, 72, 168 hours. Lung and serum samples were collected for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), soluble TNF-alpha receptors (sTNFRs), interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6 analysis and lung histology. Pneumonia, only observed in the high-dose group, was associated with an early increase in lung TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6, whereas no significant changes were observed in lung sTNFRs. Serum sTNFRs were significantly increased in high-dose animals at all times. IL-1beta elevation occurred earlier in serum than in lungs. IL-1beta was also significantly elevated in serum from low-dose animals at 6 hours. Serum IL-6 and sTNFRs remained raised at 7 days, whereas all other measured cytokines returned to basal levels with resolution of pneumonia. Development of pneumonia is dependent on the P. gingivalis dose; however, part of the cytokine response is unique to the systemic compartment, even in animals that do not develop pneumonia.
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PMID:Lack of soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 1 and 2 and interleukin-1beta compartmentalization in lungs of mice after a single intratracheal inoculation with live Porphyromonas gingivalis. 1984 48

Recent in vivo studies indicate that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may have beneficial effects in the treatment of sepsis induced by bacterial infection. Administration of MSCs in these studies improved survival and enhanced bacterial clearance. The primary objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that human MSCs possessed intrinsic antimicrobial properties. We studied the effect of human MSCs derived from bone marrow on the bacterial growth of Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. MSCs as well as their conditioned medium (CM) demonstrated marked inhibition of bacterial growth in comparison with control medium or normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF). Analysis of expression of major antimicrobial peptides indicated that one of the factors responsible for the antimicrobial activity of MSC CM against Gram-negative bacteria was the human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, hCAP-18/LL-37. Both m-RNA and protein expression data showed that the expression of LL-37 in MSCs increased after bacterial challenge. Using an in vivo mouse model of E. coli pneumonia, intratracheal administration of MSCs reduced bacterial growth (in colony-forming unit) in the lung homogenates and in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and administration of MSCs simultaneously with a neutralizing antibody to LL-37 resulted in a decrease in bacterial clearance. In addition, the BAL itself from MSC-treated mice had a greater antimicrobial activity in comparison with the BAL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-treated mice. Human bone marrow-derived MSCs possess direct antimicrobial activity, which is mediated in part by the secretion of human cathelicidin hCAP-18/ LL-37.
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PMID:Antibacterial effect of human mesenchymal stem cells is mediated in part from secretion of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37. 2094 32


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