Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clindamycin-2-phosphate (7(S)-chloro-7-deoxylincomycin-2-phosphate) is a new semi-synthetic antibiotic. It is recognized that the drug itself is inactive against bacteria in vitro but it is hydrolyzed rapidly to active clindamycin, drug intramuscular or intravenous administration. Clindamycin-2-phosphate was administrated intravenously to seven patients with infections, except one intramuscularly, 300 approximately 600 mg, every 8 or 12 hours a day, for 2 approximately 12 days. Three patients (1 bacterial pneumonia, 1 chronic bronchitis and 1 urinary tract infection due to E. coli) recovered from their infection; one patient (bacterial infection in bronchiectasis) partially responded; and three patients (1 urinary tract infection due to E. coli, 1 pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae and 1 patient with mycoplasmal pneumonia and acute biliary tract infection) failed to respond to the drug. No remarkable side effect was noted except pain at intramuscular injection site in one patient.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of clindamycin-2-phosphate in infectious diseases (author's transl)]. 32 Mar 61

Considerable controversy exists as to whether or not antibiotics should be administered "prophylactically" to patients with penetrating chest trauma. No prospective study of this problem has been reported. Therefore, 75 patients with isolated, penetrating chest injury were randomized prospectively in a double-blind study. Group A patients (38 patients) were given 300 mg. of clindamycin phosphate every 6 hours, beginning with admission and lasting until 1 day following chest tube removal or for 5 days, whichever was shorter. Group B patients (37 patients) were given a placebo on the same schedule. The patients' hospital course, fever, white blood count, culture data, and roentgenograms were recorded serially. Clindamycin-treated patients had a significantly lower incidence of radiographic pneumonia, less fever, and a lower incidence of positive pleural and wound cultures. They acquired empyema less frequently, required fewer operations, and had a shorter period of hospitalization. Antibiotics may be useful, therefore, as adjunctive therapy in the management of penetrating chest trauma.
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PMID:Prophylactic antibiotics in the treatment of penetrating chest wounds. A prospective double-blind study. 33 88

The sensitivity to 18 antimicrobial drugs was examined for 66 strains of Ureaplasma sp isolated from respiratory tracts of calves suffering from enzootic pneumonia, urinary tracts of bulls and eyes of cows suffering from infectious bovine kerato-conjunctivitis. Furamizole, tiamulin fumarate, erythromycin lactobionate, malidomycin C, doxycycline hydrochloride, kitasamycin tartrate, tylosin tartrate, T-2636C, tetracycline hydrochloride, oxytetracycline hydrochloride, chlortetracycline hydrochloride, oleandomycin phosphate, furazolidone, spiramycin adipate, chloramphenicol and thiophenicol showed strong inhibiting activity on all the test strains. Among them, furamizole, tiamulin fumarate and erythromycin lactobionate were most active. Kanamycin sulphate showed weak activity on all the strains tested. The differences in origin of the test strains did not affect their sensitivity to any of the drugs.
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PMID:In vitro sensitivities to antimicrobial drugs of ureaplasmas isolated from the bovine respiratory tract, genital tract and eye. 52 9

An inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine was prepared from a culture in a liquid medium supplemented with water extract of egg yolk. Vaccinated Syrian hamsters were exposed to virulent M. pneumoniae aerosol and were examined for the retention of mycoplasmas and for histopathological changes in the respiratory tracts. When a vaccine prepared with strain FH was administered intramuscularly or by inhalation in aerosol, no significant resistance was shown with respect to mycoplasma proliferation. An increased resistance, however, was observed when an aluminium phosphate-adsorbed vaccine, and when a plain vaccine (although to a lesser degree) prepared with hamster 24-passaged strain FH, was administered intramuscularly. Histopathologically, lung lesions were markedly suppressed in groups showing high resistance. A correlation between the serum antibody titer and the resistance to infection was observed. Hamsters which received a hyperimmune rabbit antiserum intracordally showed a high resistance to M. pneumoniae infection. The suppression of histopathological changes also coincided with high complement-fixing antibody titers of either actively or passively immunized hamster serum. The results suggest that humoral immunity plays an important role in resistance to M. pneumoniae pneumonia in hamsters.
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PMID:Acquired immunity to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Pneumonia in hamsters. 69 61

The efficacy of an inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine was evaluated in a double-blind study of 7,861 Marine Corps recruits at Parris Island, South Carolina. Vaccine was administered to half for the volunteers in a 1-ml dose by a jet-injection device, and phosphate-buffered saline was administered similarly to control subjects. Twenty-one vaccinees (5.3 per 1,000) and 43 recipients of placebo (10.9 per 1,000) were hospitalized with pneumonia; the incidence of illness among the two groups indicated a 51% overall protective efficacy for the vaccine (x2 = 7.49; P less than 0.01). The refined data for pneumonia due to M. pneumoniae showed 67% protective efficacy when serologic data were employed (x2 = 7.84; P = 0.005) and a 42% protective efficacy (x2 = 1.80; P greater than 0.10) when data from cultures for M. pneumoniae were employed. Vaccinees with pneumonia due to M. pneumoniae suffered no increased illness compared to controls, suggesting no hypersensitization with natural illness following the inactivated vaccine. Only when serologic data were analyzed did it appear that the M. pneumoniae vaccine protected against M. pneumoniae specific bronchitis (35% efficacy) but the difference was not statistically significant (x2 = 1.28; P greater than 0.20).
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PMID:Field trial of an inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine. I. Vaccine efficacy. 79 22

Preclinical and clinical studies of clindamycin-2-phosphate developed as an infectable were conducted, and the following results were obtained: 1) Clindamycin-2-phosphate administered by the intravenous drip in a dose of 600 mg over one hour showed a peak blood clindamycin level of 10.5 mcg/ml at the end of administration. Though the blood level then decreased rapidly, it stayed at 0.7 mcg/ml at 8 hours later. 2) The blood level of clindamycin following intramuscular injection of 300 mg of clindamycin-2-phosphate reached a peak of 3.3 mcg/ml at one hour later. The blood level of 6 hours after injection was 1.0 mcg/ml. 3) Clindamycin-2-phosphate 300 mg was given intramuscularly 2 to 4 times daily for 5 approximately 14 days in 4 cases of pneumonia. The drug proved effective in two cases of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma; fairly effective in another case of mixed infection caused by pneumococci, Hemophilus and N. meningitidis; and ineffective in the fourth case of infection due to Hemophilus parainfluenzae. 4) No such adverse reactions as hepatic disorder, renal disorder and colitis were noted following administration of clindamycin-2-phosphate.
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PMID:[Preclinical and clinical studies of clindamycin-2-phosphate (author's transl)]. 83 43

The protective efficacy of a formalin-inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine was evaluated in a double-blind fashion in 7,861 Marine Corps recruits at Parris Island, South Carolina. Vaccine, administered in a 1-ml dose by a jet-injection device, was glass-grown and contained 264 microgram of protein nitrogen/ml. Phosphate-buffered saline with formalin was injected as a control. Systemic reactions to injection were similar in both groups, but the percentage of vaccinees with erythema (51%) and induration (52%) at 24 hr was significantly greater than the percentage of controls (2%) with these reaction (P less than 0.001). Twenty-one (0.5%) of 3,930 vaccinees and 43 (1.1%) of the 3.931 placebo recipients were hospitalized with pneumonia (chi2=7.61; P less than 0.01). Ten of 21 vaccinees and seven of 43 controls with pneumonia had a positive pharyngeal culture for M. pneumoniae (chi2=1.69; P =0.20), and fourfold rises in titer of serum antibody were noted in five of 14 vaccinees and in 15 of 28 placebo recipients with pneumonia (chi2=7.90; P less 0.0005). Therefore, vaccine efficacy for M. pneumoniae-specific pneumonia was 42% as determined by cultures and 67% by serologic tests. The vaccine showed no protective efficacy for M. pneumoniae-specific bronchitis or for M. pneumoniae pharyngeal carriage in recrutis in training.
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PMID:Protective efficacy of an inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine. 89 86

A review if presented of the use of low-dose insulin infusion in the management of 58 episodes of severe diabetic hyperglycaemia. Neutral insulin in a dosage of 2-4 units per hour is infused via a paediatric giving set to achieve a sustained physiological elevation of insulin levels. This method is safe, simple and rapidly effective in lowering the blood glucose level, the mean rate of fall (62 mg/100 ml/hr, or 11% per hour) being unaffected by prior insulin therapy, acidosis or ketonuria. Classification of the hyperglycaemia as ketoacidotic or hyperosmolar is unnecessary before insulin therapy is instituted, as the relative decline in glucose level is the same in the hyperosmolar non-ketotic group as in the others. Proven infection significantly lowers the rate of fall of glucose level. Hypoglycaemia and hypokalaemia are rare during low-dose infusion. Early and adequate replacement with potassium phosphate is recommended, oral potassium supplements being continued for several days. Bicarbonate therapy is rarely indicated in the management of acidosis. No patient had cerebral oedema during treatment, and one elderly patient with extensive pneumonia and empyema died during the infusion. It is suggested that continuation of low-dose insulin infusion, together with 5% dextrose solution, after the plasma glucose level reaches 200 mg/100 ml, may hasten the clearance of ketones, preventing relapse.
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PMID:Routine use of low-dose intravenous insulin infusion in severe hyperglycaemia. 99 52

Retrospective review of the first 210 patients treated by laparoscopic cholecystectomy revealed 55 patients (26%) with acute cholecystitis diagnosed preoperatively or intraoperatively. Average age was 52 years amongst 38 women and 17 men. Cardiac history was present in 4%, pulmonary disease was noted in 9%, and other significant medical history was found in 10%. Abnormal preoperative laboratory values (white blood cell count, liver function) were seen in 80%. Operations averaged 104 minutes. Dissection was performed with the potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser in 9%, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd Yag) laser in 20%, and electrocautery alone in 71%. Average body habitus was 5 ft 9 in, 178 lb for men and 5 ft 5 in, 155 lb for women. Average length of stay was 2.6 days. Thirty-eight patients (69%) left the hospital in < 2 days. Postoperative complications included one case each of urinary retention, pneumonia, myocardial infarction, and three cases of postoperative fever. Drains were placed in 10 patients (18%). There was no mortality. Suggestions are made for technical considerations that make laparoscopic cholecystectomy a safe and efficient approach to acute cholecystitis.
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PMID:Laparoscopic treatment of acute cholecystitis. 166 69

Fludara I.V. (fludarabine phosphate) is a purine analogue that has been synthesized and found to have activity in lymphoid neoplasms in phase I and II studies. Fludara I.V. has been used extensively in the management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the last 5 years. In studies of Fludara I.V. as a single agent, the response rate was 59% in 78 patients. The true complete remission (CR) rate (no evidence of disease) was 13% with 16% having a CR with persistent lymphoid nodules. These patients are considered to be in CR using the National Cancer Institute Working Group Guidelines. The other patients (31%) achieved a partial remission (PR). Fludara I.V. has also been used as a single agent in previously untreated patients. Thirty (83%) of the 36 patients obtained a complete or partial response. Thirty-six percent of the patients achieved a true CR and 39% a CR with persistent lymphoid nodules in the bone marrow. Thus, the complete remission rate was 75%. Fludara I.V. has now been combined with prednisone in the management of 101 previously treated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Fourteen percent of patients have achieved a true CR, 24% a nodular CR, and 19% a PR. The results were very similar to those obtained with Fludara I.V. as a single agent. Other investigators have explored Fludara I.V. by continuous infusion. Twenty-two of 42 evaluable patients, in that study, achieved a PR. Fludara I.V. had minimal evidence of toxicity except for episodes of fever. The episodes of fever were more common in patients who had received previous treatment and had stage III or IV disease according to the Rai staging system. Some of these episodes of fever were associated with pneumonia. It appears that the spectrum of organisms causing the febrile episodes is that usually associated with immune deficiency (monocyte or T-cell deficiency). Future studies with Fludara I.V. will explore different schedules and combination approaches.
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PMID:Fludarabine phosphate in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. 169 83


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