Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Laboratory and clinical studies were performed on 6059-S in the field of pediatrics, a new semi-synthetic 1-oxacephem antibiotic, and results were as follows. 1. MICs of 6059-S were compared with those of cefazolin (CEZ) and cefmetazole (CMZ) on 31 strains of S. aureus, 29 strains of E. coli, 30 strains of K. pneumoniae and 16 strains of P. aeruginosa. With the inoculum size of 10(8) cells/ml an 10(6) cells/ml, the peak of distribution of MICs were S. aureus 6.25, 3.13 micrograms/ml, E. coli 0.2, 0.1 micrograms/ml, K. pneumoniae 0.2, 0.05 micrograms/ml and P. aeruginosa 12.5, 6.25 micrograms/ml, respectively. MICs 6059-S against S. aureus was more less 2 to 3 tubes than CEZ and CMZ, but against E. coli and K. pneunoniae were more higher than 3 to 4 tubes than CEZ and CMZ. 2. The serum concentrations and urinary recovery rate of 6059-S were measured in 5 pediatric patients. 6059-S was given 20 mg/kg by an intravenous injection to 2 cases or a 30 minutes intravenous drip infusion to 3 cases. The mean concentration of the former were 64.3, 44.3, 26.8, 11.7 and 5.0 micrograms/ml at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours, and T 1/2 was 1.51 hours. The urinary recovery rates was 75.0% within 6 hours after the injections. The mean concentration of the latter were 65.3, 86.3, 63.0, 40.3, 17.8 and 8.9 micrograms/ml at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours, and T 1/2 was 1.63 hours. The urinary recovery rates was 52.1% within 6 hours after the injection. 3. Eleven cases with acute pneumonia, 1 case with acute bronchitis, 3 cases with acute purulent tonsillitis, 1 case with acute purulent parotitis and 1 case subcutaneous abscess were treated with 6059-S by intravenous injection. All cases were above effective clinically. Five strains of H. influenzae, 3 strains of S. pneumoniae, 2 strains of S. pyogenes and 1 strain of S. aureus were eradicated in all strains. No clinical adverse reaction and abnormal laboratory findings were noted.
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies on 6059-S in children (author's transl)]. 645 76

A model is proposed to account for cell survival after multiple doses, when the interfraction interval is insufficient for complete Elkind repair. In the limit of ever-increasing numbers of ever-smaller fractional doses, the model transforms into the accumulation model (Roesch, 1978) of survival after continuous irradiation. When it is adapted to describe tissue responses to isoeffective multifractionated regimens, wherein repair is incomplete, a generalization of the usually linear plot of reciprocal total dose versus dose per fraction is obtained, in which downward curvature is evident. There is some advantage in studying tissue responses to multifractionated regimens with incomplete repair in the interfraction intervals, or continuous exposures at various dose rates since in addition to determination of repair capacity (defined by beta/alpha) there is an estimate of repair kinetics (defined by the halftime T1/2 for repair of sublethal injury). There is a saving in overall treatment time with either method, thereby reducing the influence of regeneration on the interpretation of the results. The results of analyses of previously published data are presented to illustrate the use of the models. Estimated from the response of three acutely responding normal tissues in the mouse (jejunum, colon and bone marrow), repair halftimes ranged from 0.3-0.9 h and values of beta/alpha were approximately 0.1 Gy-1. From the response of mouse lung (LD50 for pneumonitis) to multifractionated regimens with incomplete repair, the repair halftime was estimated at 1.5 h and beta/alpha was 0.27 Gy-1. In the rat spinal cord beta/alpha was 0.7 Gy-1 and T 1/2 was 1.5 h.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Tissue repair capacity and repair kinetics deduced from multifractionated or continuous irradiation regimens with incomplete repair. 658 15

Biapenem (L-627) was evaluated for its safety and efficacy in 27 children with various bacterial infections. L-627 was effective in cases with osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus, pneumonia and purulent meningitis due to penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, and urinary tract infections due to Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, L-627 failed to produce good responses in 2 of 7 cases of Haemophilus influenzae infections. Pharmacokinetic parameters of 30-minutes infusion of 12 mg/kg were as follows: Cmax 29-46 micrograms/ml, T 1/2 0.68-0.94 hr. Adverse reactions were minimal. These data suggest that L-627 is safe in children, and is valuable especially for treatment of infections in immunocompromised hosts and infections due to multiply resistant bacteria.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of a new carbapenem antibiotic, biapenem (L-627), in the pediatric field]. 793 25

Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefditoren pivoxil (CDTR-PI, ME 1207) in granules, a new oral cephalosporin, were performed in the field of pediatrics. The results are summarized below. 1. Antibacterial activities: Antibacterial activities of CDTR were studied against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis in comparison with those of cefteram (CFTM), cefixime (CFIX), cefaclor (CCL), cefpodoxime (CPDX) and cefotiam (CTM). MIC80's of CDTR against S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae and B. catarrhalis were 1.56, 0.39, < or = 0.025, < or = 0.025, 0.05 and 0.20 micrograms/ml, respectively. These results showed that CDTR has high antibacterial activities against these organisms. 2. Absorption and excretion: Serum concentrations and urinary recovery rates of CDTR-PI (administered in granules) were determined. Upon single oral doses of 3 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg, the peak serum concentrations were 0.5-2.45 micrograms/ml at 2 to 4 hours and 1.79-4.05 micrograms/ml at 1 to 4 hours, respectively, and T 1/2 was 1.07-9.67 hours and 0.99-3.00 hours, respectively. At 8 hours after dosing, serum concentrations were 0-0.87 micrograms/ml with a dose of 3 mg/kg and 0.27-0.73 micrograms/ml with 6 mg/kg. These values indicated that the drug has a dose-dependent pharmacokinetic behavior. Urinary recovery rates in the first 8 hours were 12.9-34.2% with a dose of 3 mg/kg and 11.8-26.9% with 6 mg/kg. 3. Clinical study: Clinical efficacies were examined in a total of 81 cases consisting of 20 cases of acute bronchitis, 13 of acute pneumonia, 21 of tonsillitis, 5 of pharyngitis, 7 of scarlet fever, 2 each of impetigo, otitis media and purulent cervical lymphadenitis, 1 of pertussis and 8 of UTI. The clinical efficacy rate was 97.5% (79/81), and bacteriological eradication rate was 100% (76/76). As for side effects, 2 cases of watery stools and 1 case of minor elevation of GPT were observed.
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PMID:[Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of cefditoren pivoxil in the pediatric field]. 837 96

The efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of cefozopran (CZOP) were evaluated in neonates and the following results were obtained: 1. Of the 12 patients treated with CZOP, judgment of clinical efficacy was evaluable in 10 patients (including 5 with pneumonia and 3 with urinary tract infections). The treatment was effective and the causative organism was eradicated in 100% of the patients. 2. No adverse signs and symptoms were recognized during the treatment with CZOP. A slight elevation of direct bilirubin was recognized as an abnormal alteration of laboratory test values in one patient. The value, however, returned to the normal range after the completion of treatment. 3. The pharmacokinetic evaluation was made in 3 of the 12 patients. The blood CZOP levels were recognized in proportion with the dosages. The elimination half lives (T 1/2) in those patients were 8.92, 2.90 and 2.76 hours. Prolongation of T 1/2 was recognized in the patient aged 0 day. It was possible to examine the urinary excretion only in one patient aged 18 days. The excretion rate of the drug was 68.6% of dose by 8 hours after administration. These results suggest that CZOP is a drug useful for treatment of infections in neonates as well, with high efficacy and safety.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on cefozopran in neonates]. 954 71

Cefozopran (CZOP) was administered to nine newborn patients with infections at a dose of 20 mg/kg twice or three times daily for 5 to 6 days to evaluate the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of cefozopran. 1. Blood concentrations CZOP was intravenously given to 6 newborn patients by drip infusion at a dose of 20 mg/kg over 30 minutes. The maximum blood concentrations (Cmax) were 38.4 micrograms/ml in a patient aged 0 day, 37.7 and 54.3 micrograms/ml in two patients aged 1 day, 51.3 and 64.1 micrograms/ml in two patients aged 3 days and 51.0 micrograms/ml in a patient aged 5 days. Cmax was lower in the patient aged 0 day. The elimination half life (T 1/2) was 9.2 hours in the patient aged 0 day, 4.9 and 3.7 hours in the patients aged 1 day, 3.1 and 2.4 hours in the patients aged 3 days and 2.9 in the patient aged 5 days, showing a prolongation of T 1/2 in patients of lower age. 2. Urinary excretion Of the 6 patients given CZOP at a dose of 20 mg/kg by intravenous drip infusion over 30 minutes, urine was collected in 5 patients. The cumulative excretion rate within 6 hours after infusion was as low as 19.8% of dose in the patient aged 0 day. The rates were elevated as high as 46.3 and 57.0% of dose in the patients aged 1 day. In the patient aged 3 days, the recovery within 4 hours after infusion was 47.3%. It was 70.6% of dose within 6 hours after dosing in the patient aged 5 days. The urinary recovery within 6 hours after dosing increased with the advance of age. 3. Clinical results Efficacy was evaluable in 7 patients. Of them, 3 had suspected septicemia, 2 pneumonia, 1 intrauterine infection and 1 urinary tract infection. The clinical efficacy was judged "excellent" in all the evaluable patients. Neither adverse drug reactions of signs and symptoms nor abnormal alterations of the laboratory test values were recognized in the 9 patients evaluable for safety. These results suggest that CZOP is an effective and safe drug for treatment of infections in the newborns. As for the dosage and method of administration from the view of the pharmacokinetic data obtained, intravenous drip infusion of 20 mg/kg once or twice daily was considered to be sufficient for patients aged 0 day. For patients aged 1 to 7 days and those aged 8 days or elder, the administration of twice to 3 times daily and 3 to 4 times daily were considered to be sufficient, respectively.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on cefozopran in neonates]. 954 70

Azithromycin (AZM) preparations in fine granules and capsules were evaluated in 36 pediatric patients with various infections. In patients with pneumonia caused by Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae or Mycoplasma pneumoniae, bronchitis, pharyngitis, scarlet fever, whooping cough, or campylobacter enteritis, AZM was found effective in 94.4% (34/36). As for the bacteriological efficacy of AZM, all of 12 strains identified were found eradicated by the treatment. Plasma T 1/2(24 approximately 48 hrs.) of AZM in fine granules, given two patients at 10 mg/kg body weight once daily for 3 days, were 41.5 and 51.4 hours, while AUC0 approximately infinity was 7.45 and 13.44 mg.hr/ml. The rates of AZM recovered in the urine samples from two pediatrics patients in the first 81 hours of treatment, when it is given in fine granules at 10 mg/kg body weight once daily for 3 days, were 6.27% and 11.0%. Data from 43 patients were included for drug safety evaluation. Neither adverse reactions nor abnormal laboratory changes were observed. In conclusion, AZM was found useful in treatment of pediatric infections.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of a new macrolide antibiotic, azithromycin, in the pediatric field]. 957 55

Evaluation of efficacy and safety of cefluprenam (code number: E1077, abbreviation: CFLP), a newly developed injectable cephem antibiotics was conducted on adult patients with various infections, and followed by the study group organized from 39 institutions in pediatric field, as the drug showed no toxicity problems in suckling animals. Informed consents from legal representatives were obtained prior to the study. 1. Clinical efficacy. Two-hundred eighty one cases were included for analysis of clinical efficacy after 40 cases of exclusion or drop-out were subtracted from a total of 321 cases. However, the cumulative number of cases evaluable for analysis was considered to be 289, because 8 cases that had 2 different diseases at the same time were counted in each category of disease. In the cases in which causative organisms were identified (group A), 148 of 154 cases were rated as good or excellent, with an efficacy rate of 96.1%. As for clinical efficacies by disease, efficacy rates were 6/6 for purulent meningitis, 4/5 for sepsis, 95.7% (62/65) for pneumonia, 100.0% (29/29) for urinary tract infections, and 94.1% (16/17) for skin and soft tissue infections. The rate of excellent responses among excellent and good responses was 73.6% (109/148), showing a higher value than any of recent injectable beta-lactams. On 32 cases with S. pneumoniae infection, the efficacy rate of CFLP was 100.0%. In the cases where causative organisms were not identified (group B), 128 of 135 cases were rated as good or excellent, with an efficacy rate of 94.8%. In the all cases including both the group A and the group B, the efficacy rate was 95.2% (276/289) and the rate of excellent responses among excellent and good response was 70.7% (195/276). Against severe infections, CFLP exhibited excellent clinical efficacy, showing an efficacy rate of 8/8 for meningitis, 3/5 for sepsis and 100.0% (22/22) for severe pneumonia. As for bacteriological responses, eradication rates were 95.2% (177/186) in total. Against Gram-positive cocci, the eradication rate was 92.7% (76/82), with eradication rates of 94.3% (33/35) for Staphylococcus aureus, and 93.3% (28/30) for Streptococcus pneumoniae. Against Gram-negative rods, the eradication rate was 97.1% (101/104), and eradication rates were 100.0% (22/22) for Escherichia coli, 97.5% (39/40) for Haemophilus influenzae and 100.0% (19/19) for Molaxella catarrhalis. In cases in which more than 3 days of treatment with previous chemotherapy resulted in no response, the efficacy rate of CFLP was 94.2% (98/104), rated excellent in 68 cases and good in 30 cases. In these cases, the eradication rate was 98.1% (52/53). 2. Pharmacokinetics. CFLP was intravenously administerrd to 12 subjects at doses of 20 to 40 mg (potency)/kg. In 9 subjects aged more than 12 months, maximum serum levels (Cmax), T 1/2 beta and AUC of CFLP were 155.3 +/- 9.8 micrograms/ml, 1.43 +/- 0.18 hours and 111.7 +/- 15.0 micrograms.hr/ml, respectively, when a dose of 20 mg (potency)/kg was used. In 2 subjects aged not more than 12 months, the mean Cmax, T 1/2 beta and AUC were 153 micrograms/ml, 1.6 hour and 81 micrograms.hr/ml, respectively, at a dose of 20 mg(potency)/kg. The mean Cmax, T 1/2 beta and AUC were 332 micrograms/ml, 0.93 hours and 157.3 micrograms.hr/ml, respectively, in 1 subject at a dose of 40 mg (potency)/kg. In 10 subjects dosed 20 mg (potency)/kg, urinary levels were 2413 +/- 512, 1471 +/- 524, and 470 +/- 115 micrograms/ml in 0-2, 2-4, and 4-6 hours after dosing, respectively, showing a cumulative urinary excretion rate of 61.4 +/- 6.3%. In 1 subject dosed 40 mg (potency)/kg, urinary levels were 5700 and 4770 micrograms/ml in 0-2 p3d 2-4 hours after dosing, respectively, showing a cumulative urinary excretion rate of 42.1%. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of CFLP, on 10 subjects with purulent meningitis dosed 40-103 mg (potency)/kg were 3.2-32.9 micrograms/ml at 0.5-2 hours after administration within 4 days after the onset of
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies with cefluprenam in the pediatric field. Pediatric Study Group of Gefluprenam]. 974 6


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