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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A review if presented of the use of low-dose insulin infusion in the management of 58 episodes of severe diabetic hyperglycaemia. Neutral insulin in a dosage of 2-4 units per hour is infused via a paediatric giving set to achieve a sustained physiological elevation of insulin levels. This method is safe, simple and rapidly effective in lowering the blood glucose level, the mean rate of fall (62 mg/100 ml/hr, or 11% per hour) being unaffected by prior insulin therapy, acidosis or ketonuria. Classification of the hyperglycaemia as ketoacidotic or hyperosmolar is unnecessary before insulin therapy is instituted, as the relative decline in glucose level is the same in the hyperosmolar non-ketotic group as in the others. Proven infection significantly lowers the rate of fall of glucose level. Hypoglycaemia and hypokalaemia are rare during low-dose infusion. Early and adequate replacement with potassium phosphate is recommended, oral potassium supplements being continued for several days. Bicarbonate therapy is rarely indicated in the management of acidosis. No patient had cerebral oedema during treatment, and one elderly patient with extensive pneumonia and empyema died during the infusion. It is suggested that continuation of low-dose insulin infusion, together with 5% dextrose solution, after the plasma glucose level reaches 200 mg/100 ml, may hasten the clearance of ketones, preventing relapse.
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PMID:Routine use of low-dose intravenous insulin infusion in severe hyperglycaemia. 99 52

Pneumocystis carinii is an opportunistic parasite that attaches to the alveolar epithelium during the initiation of pneumonia. It is unknown whether P. carinii recognizes specific receptors on the surface of lung cells. Our study indicates that concanavalin A (Con A), a lectin that recognizes mannose-containing glycoproteins, binds to P. carinii organisms in a saturable manner with a binding affinity of Kd = 11 x 10(-6) mol/L and with 18.5 x 10(6) Con A binding sites per P. carinii organism. Con A binds predominantly to glycoprotein 120, a mannose-rich glycoprotein on the surface of P. carinii. Treatment of cultured target lung cells (A549 cells) with Con A resulted in dramatic reduction of P. carinii attachment, from 34.9% +/- 4.1% to 8.1% +/- 1.3% (p less than 0.001), suggesting that mannose-containing cell surface molecules may be important in P. carinii adherence to target lung cells. In contrast, treatment of P. carinii with Con A resulted in slightly increased adherence of P. carinii when compared with controls. The effects of Con A on P. carinii adherence were reversed when Con A treatments were conducted in the presence of excess mannose, the sugar ligand for Con A. Further, pretreatment of A549 cell monolayers with excess mannose (5000 micrograms/ml) resulted in significant reduction of P. carinii adherence to A549 cells, from 39.4% +/- 2.5% to 28.4% +/- 1.3% (p = 0.003). These studies, for the first time, implicate mannose-containing cell surface molecules as important mediators of attachment between P. carinii and target lung cells.
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PMID:Modulation of Pneumocystis carinii adherence to cultured lung cells by a mannose-dependent mechanism. 165 69

Thirteen lectins were used to characterize lectin-binding specificity of glycoconjugates on sections of formalin-fixed lung and trachea from seven normal turkeys, two turkeys with acute pneumonia, and two turkeys with chronic pneumonia. Neuraminidase was used to digest sialic acid residues. One N-acetylgalactosamine-binding lectin and two N-acetylgalactosamine/galactose-binding lectins stained the apical membrane and cytoplasm of multifocal cells that lined air atria and hyperplastic granular cells. Other lectins in these groups stained ciliated cells of the trachea and bronchi and air capillary epithelial cells. Sialic acid residues were on apical surfaces of ciliated and nonciliated tracheal and bronchial lining cells, air capillary epithelial cells, and vascular endothelial cells. Mannose/glucose-binding lectins stained reticular and elastic fibers in the lamina propria of trachea, primary and secondary bronchi, and the tunica adventitia of arteries and veins. By transmission electron microscopy, colloidal gold-Arachis hypogaea (peanut agglutinin) labeled microvilli on the apical surface of mature granular cells. The L-fucose-binding lectin, in addition to several other lectins, stained nonspecifically in both trachea and lung. These studies show that granular cells that line air atria can be identified with lectins of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine/galactose groups, and that apical surfaces of epithelial cells and endothelial cells in the trachea and lung express terminal sialic acid residues.
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PMID:Lectin histochemistry of trachea and lung of healthy turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and turkeys with pneumonia. 185 52

Previous studies of Pneumocystis carinii have identified the major surface antigen of rat and human isolates as proteins of 116,000 and 95,000 mol wt, respectively, that are antigenically not identical. In this study both rat and human P. carinii proteins were purified by solubilization with zymolyase followed by molecular sieve and ion exchange chromatography. The native proteins had an apparent mol wt of 290,000 or greater, based on molecular sieve studies as well as cross-linking studies. Both proteins were glycoproteins; treatment with endoglycosidase H resulted in a 9% decrease in mol wt. The carbohydrate composition of the rat P. carinii glycoprotein was distinct from the human isolate; glucose, mannose, galactose, and glucosamine occurred in approximately equimolar ratios in the human P. carinii protein, whereas glucose and mannose were the predominant sugars of the rat P. carinii protein. To evaluate humoral immune responses to the human P. carinii protein, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using purified protein was developed. Some, but not all, patients who subsequently developed P. carinii pneumonia demonstrated a serum antibody response to the surface antigen. Nearly all subjects without a history of P. carinii pneumonia had no detectable antibodies. Purified P. carinii proteins will greatly facilitate the investigation of host-P. carinii interactions.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of a major human Pneumocystis carinii surface antigen. 198 93

Pneumocystis carinii cysts are capable of resisting host defenses and antimicrobial drugs and are therefore thought to be responsible for relapses of P. carinii pneumonia in AIDS and other immunocompromised patients. The interaction of P. carinii with its host, and other P. carinii, might be mediated by molecules which form the outer surfaces of this organism. Carbohydrates are known to play many roles in cell-cell adhesion, and have been detected on the surface of P. carinii by lectin labeling experiments. In this study P. carinii cyst wall material was obtained from Zymolyase treatment. Alditol acetate derivatives of neutral and amino sugars or trimethylsilyl derivatives of methyl glycosides were prepared from the monosaccharides released from the sample by acid hydrolysis. Analyses were done by a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Glucose was found to be the major sugar constituent. Mannose and galactose were present in equal ratios. A lesser amount of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and trace amounts of ribose and sialic acid were present in the cyst wall samples analyzed. These sugars may mediate P. carinii-host interaction and play an important protective role by creating a permeability barrier around the cyst.
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PMID:Analysis of Pneumocystis carinii cyst wall. II. Sugar composition. 221 56

Proline-rich protein (PRP) is a plasma protein associated with lipoproteins. In an attempt to clarify the biological significance of this protein, we isolated and characterized it and studied the biological role in plasma. PRP was isolated by immunosorber column chromatography and by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The molecular weight determined by gel filtration chromatography was 352,000, that is, about 5-times larger than the weight determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (73,800), indicating pentamer formation. About 10 or 11 isoproteins (pI 5.89-6.55) were observed by isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis. PRP contained fucose, mannose, galactose, glucosamine and sialic acid accounting for 8.0% of the dry weight. PRP also had a hydrophilic property, as determined by charge shift electrophoresis. Levels of this protein in the human serum related to triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. The concentration of PRP correlated to the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), the C-reactive protein (CRP) and alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulin. Sera from patients with infection and inflammation showed significantly higher PRP levels than those noted in controls. Levels of PRP rose in parallel with ESR and CRP levels following acute myocardial infarction, and the maximal level was noted on the 7th postinfarction day. The PRP levels were elevated during the active phase of pneumonia, followed normalization. These data suggest that PRP is an acute phase reactant and may be important in the metabolism of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins.
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PMID:Proline-rich protein is a glycoprotein and an acute phase reactant. 246 Jan 42

Pneumocystis carinii is a pathogen which causes fatal pneumonia in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. To facilitate the basic study of P. carinii, we analyzed the major surface proteins by immunochemical and biochemical methods. The major protein components of both cysts (resting form) and trophozoites (vegetative form) are part of a group of proteins called P115 with apparent masses of 105 to 120 kilodaltons. They represent an unusually large portion of the total proteins of this organism. The purified proteins exhibited six isoelectric variants when analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A monoclonal antibody raised against cysts recognized all six variants and reacted with epitopes that were located in the cell wall, thereby indicating that P115 is an immunoreactive surface component. Data are presented that the isoelectric variants contain identical or closely related protein components and that they are mannose-rich glycoproteins. Deglycosylated P115 migrates primarily as a single more acidic protein in two-dimensional gels, suggesting that the isoelectric variants may be due primarily to differences in glycosylation. The majority of sera tested from humans with diagnosed pneumocystosis reacted strongly with the P115 proteins.
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PMID:Glycoproteins composed of major surface immunodeterminants of Pneumocystis carinii. 265 4

Pneumocystis carinii is a pathogen which causes fatal pneumonia in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). To facilitate the basic study of P. carinii, we have analyzed its major surface proteins by both immunochemical and biochemical methods. The major protein components of both cysts and trophozoites are a group of proteins called "P115" with apparent masses of 105-120 kd. It includes 6 isoelectric variants. A monoclonal antibody raised against cysts recognizes all 6 variants and reacts with epitopes located in the cell wall indicating that P115 is an immunoreactive surface component. The isoelectric variants contain identical or closely related protein components and they are mannose-rich glycoproteins. The isoelectric variation may be due primarily to differences in glycosylation. The majority of sera from humans with diagnosed pneumocystosis that were tested reacted strongly with the P115 proteins. To develop probes for DNA diagnosis and to facilitate molecular studies, a genomic DNA library of P. carinii has been constructed. Some of these clones were used for DNA hybridization analysis of rat and human lungs.
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PMID:Structure of major surface determinants and DNA diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii. 278 99

The purification and initial characterization of a ferret Pneumocystis carinii surface glycoprotein is described. Previous studies have demonstrated that passive administration of monoclonal antibody recognizing this glycoprotein reduces the severity of P. carinii pneumonitis in animal models of infection. This acidic glycoprotein (approximate isoelectric point, 5.0-5.7) contains both mannose (and/or glucose) and N-acetyl-glucosamine residues. The cross-reactive surface antigen on P. carinii of human origin is also a mannose- (and/or glucose-) containing glycoprotein. Initial biochemical characterization of these surface molecules should aid in understanding the immunobiology of this organism and in developing reliable diagnostic assays for P. carinii pneumonitis.
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PMID:Purification and initial characterization of a ferret Pneumocystis carinii surface antigen. 326 95

Tylosin has low in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations against Mycoplasma pulmonis but levels attainable in rat serum or lung tissue have not been reported previously. Tylosin levels in rat serum and lung tissue were determined after administration of tylosin in the drinking water. Rats were given water mixed with a commercially available preparation of tylosin base, vitamins, and dextrose. Although the calculated amount of tylosin added to the water was intended to provide a concentration of 500 mg/L, the concentration attained was 70-79 mg/L and decreased rapidly with time. Bioassay of serum and lung tissue after 1-10 days of continuous medication revealed no detectable tylosin concentrations (less than 0.1 microgram/ml) in serum, while lung tissue from all treated rats contained tylosin (means = 10.69 +/- 2.66 micrograms/gm tissue, range = 3.93 to 18.14, n = 59). These concentrations are over ten times the reported in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations against M. pulmonis which indicates that tylosin administration in drinking water may be useful in the treatment of M. pulmonis pneumonia in rats.
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PMID:Tylosin concentrations in rat serum and lung tissue after administration in drinking water. 366 99


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