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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this review, some common food plants and their toxic or otherwise bioactive components and mycotoxin contaminants have been considered. Crucifers contain naturally occurring components that are goitrogenic, resulting from the combined action of allyl isothiocyanate, goitrin, and thiocyanate. Although crucifers may provide some protection from cancer when taken prior to a carcinogen, when taken after a carcinogen they act as promoters of carcinogenesis. The acid-condensed mixture of indole-3-carbinol (a component of crucifers) binds to the TCDD receptor and causes responses similar to those of TCDD. Herbs contain many biologically active components, with more than 20% of the commercially prepared human drugs coming from these plants. Onion and garlic juices can help to prevent the rise of serum cholesterol. Most herbs used in treatments may have many natural constituents that act oppositely from their intended use. Some herbs like Bishop's week seed contain carcinogens, and many contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids that can cause cirrhosis of the liver. The general phytoalexin response in plants (including potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, celery, and sweet potatoes) induced by external stimuli can increase the concentrations of toxic chemical constituents in those plants. In potatoes, two major indigenous compounds are alpha-solanine and alpha-chaconine, which are human plasma cholinesterase inhibitors and teratogens in animals. Because of its toxicity, the potato variety Lenape was withdrawn from the market. Celery, parsley, and parsnips contain the linear furanocoumarin phytoalexins psoralen, bergapten, and xanthotoxin that can cause photosensitization and also are photomutagenic and photocarcinogenic. Celery field workers and handlers continually have photosensitization problems as a result of these indigenous celery furanocoumarins. A new celery cultivar (a result of plant breeding to produce a more pest-resistant variety) was responsible for significant incidences of phytophotodermatitis of grocery employees. Since there is no regulatory agency or body designated to oversee potential toxicological issues associated with naturally occurring toxicants, photodermatitis continues to occur from celery exposure. Sweet potatoes contain phytoalexins that can cause lung edema and are hepatotoxic to mice. At least one of these, 4-ipomeanol, can cause extensive lung clara cell necrosis and can increase the severity of pneumonia in mice. Some phytoalexins in sweet potatoes are hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic to mice. The common mushroom Agaricus bisporus contains benzyl alcohol as its most abundant volatile, and A. bisporus and Gyromitra esculenta both contain hydrazine analogues. Mycotoxins are found in corn, cottonseed, fruits, grains, grain sorghums, and nuts (especially peanuts); therefore, they also occur in apple juice, bread, peanut butter, and other products made from contaminated starting materials.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Natural pesticides and bioactive components in foods. 240 25

The clinical and laboratory features of moderate to severe organophosphate and carbamate toxicity in 37 infants and children are presented. Ingestion of an improperly stored liquid pesticide was the most common route of intoxication (76% of patients); five (14%) children became intoxicated after playing on carpets and floors of homes that had been sprayed or fogged by unlicensed exterminators. The transfer diagnoses were incorrect for 16 or 20 patients who were transferred to our center from another institution. Miosis (73%), excessive salivation (70%), muscle weakness (68%), and lethargy (54%) were the most common abnormal signs; 49% and 22% of patients had tachycardia and seizures, respectively, and 38% of children had respiratory insufficiency that required endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. The results of erythrocyte and serum cholinesterase activity assays were concordant in 83% of patients. Thirty-four (92%) patients were treated with atropine and/or pralidoxime; three patients required only supportive care. Most patients had a prompt response to therapy; however, two patients with organophosphate toxicity required multiple doses of atropine during a 24-hour period; in both instances, the doses of atropine were subtherapeutic. There were no deaths. Pneumonitis and/or atelectasis developed in ten patients, including six who had ingested a petroleum distillate-containing insecticide.
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PMID:Organophosphate and carbamate poisoning in infants and children. 333 78

Disease secondary to heroin abuse constitutes a rarity in Spain. While there had been no previous cases in earlier years four young heroin addicts were admitted to the Hospital "1st de Octubre" for severe medical complications of their addiction within the last twelve months. Two patients were admitted in deep coma due to drug overdose, being cardiac arrhythmias and pulmonary edema the main associated complications. Cardiac rhythm disturbances are due to a heightened vagal tone, either secondary to inhibition of acetylcholine hydrolysis or to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis, factors that diminish cholinesterase activity and act synergistically to increase vagal tone. Pulmonary edema secondary to heroin overdose is non-cardiogenic and probably due to hypoxia added to the local action of heroin on the alveolocapillary membrane. The goal of therapy in such cases is to obtain an appropriate alveolar ventilation, the use of continuous positive pressure ventilation being required when there is pulmonary edema. The third patient had staphylococcal pneumonia with multiple abscess formation secondary to venous septic embolization originated peripherally where the drug was injected. Finally, the fourth patient was admitted because of a clinical and biochemical picture of HBsAg negative acute viral hepatitis, having suffered a similar clinical picture three years previously.
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PMID:[Severe medical sequelae in heroin addicts]. 720 89

Effects of 4-7-week feeding of naturally contaminated wheat grains containing 0.284 mg T-2 toxin/kg were investigated on the health, certain serum biochemical parameters and reproductive status of sexually mature, virgin female rabbits. Three of the ten contaminated animals died before the end of the experiment (acute, fibrinous-purulent peritonitis and pneumonia). Hepatic damages are suggested by significant serum alanine aminotransferase and slight aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, malate dehydrogenase activity increases, as well as by cholinesterase activity decrease as compared to control animals. The damage of kidney function is indicated by significantly higher creatinine level, as compared to the control. The T-2 toxin feeding also impaired ovarian functions, reflecting by unaltered progesteron concentration, macro- and microscopical pictures after GnRH-stimulation.
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PMID:Biochemical and physiological effects of long-term sublethal T-2 toxin feeding in rabbits. 774 Sep 2

In order to study nutritional assessment and nutritional support therapy for elderly patients, we conducted energy supply therapy on 15 elderly (aged over 75) patients disabled with diseases such as cerebrovascular disease, pneumonia and heart failure. After recovery from acute phase, they were divided into 3 groups, and assigned to 3 different energy supply methods for 2 weeks: Six (3 males, 3 females) could take hospital diet, but only could absorb about 50% of the energy, amounting only 1,000 to 1,400 kcal/day. Additional 246 kcal was given by peripheral parental nutrition (PPN). Five (2 males, 3 females) were unable to take nutrition orally. Therefore, they were given high caloric nutrients by total parental nutrition (TPN), giving (1,222 kcal daily for a week), then 1,666 kcal for another week. Four (1 male, 3 females) also could not take meals orally, and had to be nourished by enteral nutrition (EN) with a nutrient preparation of 1,120 kcal for one week, then with 1,600 kcal for another week. In all 3 groups, the indices of rapid turnover proteins (pre-albumin, retinol binding protein and transferrin), choline esterase and vitamin A significantly elevated after 2 weeks of therapy, though the increase of pre-albumin and RBP in TPN group was slightly below the significant level. The increase in rapid turnover proteins and choline esterase was greater in the order of EN, TPN and PPN. Vitamin C, on the other hand, decreased significantly with treatment in all the groups, while vitamin E remained unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Nutritional assessment and nutritional support therapy in elderly patients]. 836 Oct 76

A 72-year-old man was exposed to the sarin gas attack in a Tokyo subway on March 20 th, 1995. After exposure, he noticed eye discomfort, chest tightness, headache and weakness of the lower limbs and oropharyngeal muscles. Despite these symptoms, he visited a hot spring on the same day with his family. On March 25 th, his muscle weakness progressed, and a low grade fever appeared. His muscle weakness disappeared 8 days after exposure to sarin, but respiratory failure rapidly developed, necessitating artificial ventilation within four day after hospitalization on March 28th. Chemotherapy with erythromycin, imipenem/cilastatin, and steroid pulse therapy was begu. PCR and culture of sputum collected by bronchofiberscopy were positive for Legionella pneumophila, serogroup I. His respiratory state improved, but subsequent infection with Pseudomonous aeruginosa. Enterobacter cloacae, and Candida tropicalis/glabrata caused his death 71 days after admission. Oropharyngeal muscle weakness caused by sarin-mediated cholinesterase inhibition was strongly suspected as the cause of hot spring water aspiration. Transbronchial lung biopsy revealed organizing pneumonia with fibrosis. Bronchoscopic findings included redness, edema and fragility of all visible areas of the airway, which was thought to be due to bronchitis caused by Legionellosis.
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PMID:[Legionella pneumonia caused by aspiration of hot spring water after sarin exposure]. 965 77

We classified 1017 patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization experienced in Kawasaki Medical School Kawasaki Hospital during the past 15 years into five age groups (< or = 54 years old, 55-64 years old, 65-74 years old, 75-84 years old, > or = 85 years old). With particular emphasis on the elderly patients, we then compared the clinical and microbiological findings in the five groups. The results were as follows; (1) Half of patients in the over 85 years old group were bed-ridden. (2) The proportion receiving antibiotics before hospitalization decreased with age. (3) There were striking atypical pneumonic symptoms, such as dyspnea and consciousness disturbance in the two age groups over 75 years old. (4) Hypotension (shock) increased with age. (5) Markers of nutritional conditions, such as serum protein, albumin, cholinesterase, and hypoxia remarkably increased in the two age groups over 75 years old. (6) There were no significant differences in the isolation rate of etiological microorganisms. (7) The number of polymicrobial agents in the < or = 54 years old group was lower than that in the other age groups. (8) Mycoplasma pneumoniae was most significantly higher in < or = 54 years old group, Haemophilus influenzae in patients 55-64 years old, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in both 65-74 and 75-84 years old groups. (9) The isolation rate of MSSA, gram-negative bacilli such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respiratory viruses increased with age. (10) The amount of sepsis increased with age. (11) The prognosis was poor in the two groups over 75 years old because the mortality rate (over 10%) was higher that for the other age groups.
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PMID:[Clinical analysis of patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization classified by age group]. 1132 79

A point mutation which caused a silent phenotype of human serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) was identified in the genomic DNA of a 57-year-old Japanese woman who visited our hospital because of pneumonia. The propositus exhibited an unusually low level of BChE activity, whereas her son and daughter had an intermediate level. Immunologically, there was an absence of BChE protein in the propositus's serum. DNA sequence analysis of the propositus demonstrated a point mutation at codon 365 (GGA-CGA), resulting in a Gly-Arg substitution. A family study showed her son and daughter to have the same mutation.
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PMID:Identification of missense mutation (G365R) of the butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) gene in a Japanese patient with familial cholinesterasemia. 1173 54

A 50-year-old man swallowed 200 ml of an insecticide containing the organophosphates dimethoate and phenitrotion in an attempted suicide. On admission, signs of a cholinergic syndrome were observed: miosis, rhinorrhoea, and fasciculations. This was followed by bradycardia with hypotension and vomiting. The patient was treated with the antidotes atropine and obidoxime. Decreasing consciousness necessitated intubation, mechanical ventilation and other supportive measures. Although the serum concentrations of both organophosphate compounds rapidly decreased, the activity of cholinesterase showed a prolonged inhibition. The clinical course was complicated by hypotension, acute respiratory distress syndrome, nosocomial pneumonia, and an epileptic seizure. A period with muscle weakness and a persisting depressive disorder then followed. This case is characteristic for acute intoxications with irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as organophosphate compounds. The treatment of these potentially severe intoxications includes rapid decontamination and the administration of high doses of atropine followed by obidoxime. Mechanical ventilation and circulatory support are also indicated.
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PMID:[Poisoning with organophosphate compounds]. 1180 37

A 66-year-old-male patient with a history of depression voluntarily ingested around 400 ml of an insecticide composed of 5% methylparathion, 75% isoparaffin, 8% etoxylated oleic acid, 4% 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 6% naphtha, 1% 1,3,5- trimethylbenzene, 0.4% propylbenzene and 0.3% xylene. The patient was conscious and alert at admission. Gastric lavage was performed and activated charcoal administered. There were no clinical symptoms of organophospate ingestion despite reduced concentrations of erythrocyte and plasma cholinesterase. Chest X-ray showed pulmonary infiltrate compatible with bronco-aspiration. The patient evolved to respiratory failure refractory to treatment and died from multiorganic failure 23 days after ingesting the insecticide. The pathological findings included a pulmonary fibrosis in the alveolar spaces which caused enlargement of the intra-alveolar septa. Abundant lipin-laden macrophages were observed within the alveolar spaces. We review the most relevant aspects of cases of fatal lipoid pneumonia and point out that on occasion severe or fatal intoxication is due to the substances accompanying the active ingredients.
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PMID:Fatal lipoid pneumonia due to bronco-aspiration of isoparaffin after ingestion of an organophosphate insecticide. 1280


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