Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eight hundred and fifty-four piglets which died or were euthanized due to pneumonia or rhinitis atrophicans, were investigated during the period of 1986-1990. Of the animals, 569 showed bronchopneumonia, 218 had pleuritis, pericarditis and peritonitis, 165 had rhinitis atrophicans, 58 pleuropneumonia, and 9 animals had fibrinous pneumonia. Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus parasuis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella haemolytica were isolated in 59.1%, 29.5%, 27.8%, 3.7%, and 2.3% cases of bronchopneumonia respectively. Samples from pigs with pleuritis or rhinitis atrophicans showed Pasteurella multocida in 63.8 and 68.5%, Bordetella bronchiseptica in 28.4 and 39.4%, streptococci in 28.9 and 3.9%, Haemophilus parasuis in 25.2% and 20.6%, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in 5.1 and 5.5%, and Pasteurella haemolytica in 3.2 and 3.0%, respectively Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was found in 51 of 58 cases of pleuropneumonia and in 5 of 9 cases of fibrinous pneumonia; 55.6% and 44.4% respectively of those forms of pneumonia were positive for Pasteurella multocida. In the agar diffusion test, 36.8-82.6% of bacterial isolates showed resistance to streptomycin, 7.7-45.5% to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, 5.7-44.6% to tetracycline, 0.2-32.8% to ampicillin, 0.0-16.3% to lincospectin, 2.0-81.2% to furazolidone, 0.4-4.5% to chloramphenicol, 1.3-78.1% to penicillin and 0-0.3% to enrofloxacin.
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PMID:[Occurrence and drug resistance of bacteria pathogenic to the lungs from autopsy material of swine]. 148 Dec 14

Laboratory and clinical studies on cefprozil (CFPZ, BMY-28100), a new cephem antibiotic, were carried out in the field of pediatrics. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Serum concentrations, urinary concentrations and urinary recovery rates of CFPZ were determined upon oral administration of CFPZ after meal at doses of 4 mg/kg granules in a case, 7.5 mg/kg granules in 2 cases and 15 mg/kg granules in one. Peak serum levels of CFPZ were obtained at an hour in 3 cases and at 2 hours in 1 case after administration of the drug with a range of 2.7-8.6 micrograms/ml with half-lives of 0.69-0.95 hours. Urinary recovery rates in the first 6 hours after administration ranged from 59.4-71.3%. 2. MICs of CFPZ against 36 clinical isolates (Staphylococcus aureus 4 strains, Streptococcus pneumoniae 5, Streptococcus pyogenes 5, Escherichia coli 5, Haemophilus influenzae 12, Haemophilus parainfluenzae 4, and Branhamella catarrhalis 1) were compared with those of cefaclor (CCL) and ampicillin (ABPC). The antibacterial activity of CFPZ was superior to those of CCL against Gram-positive cocci, and to those of ABPC against E. coli, and was equal to those of CCL and inferior to those of ABPC against H. influenzae. 3. Thirty-seven pediatric patients with acute infectious diseases (pharyngitis/tonsillitis 17, bronchitis 7, pneumonia 3, skin and soft tissue infection 2, and urinary tract infection 8) were treated with CFPZ at daily doses of 10-47 mg/kg t.i.d. as a rule. The efficacy rates were 100% clinically and 56% bacteriologically. 4. Side effects or abnormal laboratory test values were not observed except for an increased platelet count in 1 case and elevated GOT, GPT values in 2 cases.
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies on cefprozil in the field of pediatrics]. 149 37

Physicians analyzed December 1982-November 1989 data on 48 2-60 month old children with empyema thoracis at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital in southeastern Nigeria to determine the incidence and etiology of empyema thoracis in this region. The incidence rate stood at 2/1000 pediatric admissions. 3 children died (6.3%), all of heart failure. 47 children suffered from fever, cough, and breathlessness, the symptoms for pneumonia. Even though bronchopneumonia is a common complication of measles which occurs frequently in Calabar, only 3 children (6.25%) also had measles. The most frequent complication of this accumulation of pus in the thoracic cavity was congestive heart failure (16 cases). 47 patients suffered from anemia (hemoglobin levels 11 gm/dl). Hemoglobin levels of 54% of all patients decreased over time to 8 gm/dl. In fact, 2 children had hemoglobin levels of 4.4 gm/dl and they experienced cardiac failure. Laboratory personnel were only able to examine pleural aspirates from 37 patients. They did not detect any organisms in 27% of these aspirates. This may have been due to parent's widespread practice of giving medication to all the children before coming to the hospital. 45.9% of the aspirates only grew Staphylococcus aureus while another 8.1% grew it and other pathogens. About 90% of the pathogens were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin and almost 90% were sensitive to cloxacillin, gentamicin, and erythromycin. Cloxacillin was very expensive and parenteral erythromycin was unavailable. Nevertheless the pediatricians used parenteral gentamicin and cloxacillin. The parents were responsible for buying the antibiotics which tended to be costly. All the patients required emergency closed tube thoracostomy drainage within 24 hours of admission. 83.3% remained in the hospital for 2 weeks and 33.3% for 1 month. Despite the rarity of empyema, long hospitalization and expensive drugs make it an important disease in Calabar.
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PMID:Clinical and bacteriological study on childhood empyema in south eastern Nigeria. 150 92

From May 1985 through July 1990, 28 episodes of Vibrio vulnificus infection in 27 patients were encountered in five major hospitals in Taiwan. The ages of patients ranged from 19 to 76 years; the ratio of male to female patients was 2:1. Eighteen episodes manifested as bacteremia and eight as wound infections alone. One patient each developed gastroenteritis and pneumonia after nearly drowning. Twenty-three patients exhibited skin manifestations. Twenty patients had underlying diseases. All patients were treated with antibiotics, and 14 also underwent some form of surgical treatment (incision and drainage, fasciotomy, debridement, or amputation). Thirteen of the 28 episodes were preceded by precipitating factors; most were due to ingestion of seafood or exposure of abraded skin to salt water. Ten of the 18 septicemic patients died--most within 48 hours of hospitalization. One patient without bacteremia who had a wound infection died. Results of in vitro susceptibility studies suggested that ampicillin or a third-generation cephalosporin would be effective. Susceptibility to aminoglycosides was observed for greater than 90% of isolates. We recommend combined therapy with a third-generation cephalosporin or ampicillin and an aminoglycoside along with appropriate surgical therapy for the treatment of V. vulnificus infection.
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PMID:Vibrio vulnificus infection in Taiwan: report of 28 cases and review of clinical manifestations and treatment. 145 57

By using enzyme immunoassay and immunofluorescence antigen detection techniques on sputum specimens, four of 260 patients with pulmonary infection resident in tropical Queensland were found to be infected with Chlamydia. All four chlamydial infections were community-acquired and there was no history of close contact with birds by any of the four patients. One woman was deemed to be suffering with Chlamydia pneumonia, while the role of the organism in the pathogenesis of respiratory disease in the other three patients was indeterminate. At present, the incidence of pulmonary chlamydial infection in the population of tropical Queensland does not warrant routine testing, but investigations for these organisms should be undertaken in patients who present to their physicians with atypical pulmonary infection or whose clinical conditions are refractory to penicillin/ampicillin therapy.
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PMID:Community-acquired pulmonary infection due to Chlamydia in tropical Queensland. 152 67

Ten days after starting military service in a police barracks a 25-year-old man developed left middle and lower lobe pneumonia which did not respond to ampicillin (8 g daily) and gentamycin (120 mg daily). Parenteral administration of doxycycline (100 mg daily) was equally ineffective. However, the fever fell on administration of cefotiam (4 g daily). Antibody tests demonstrated Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 as the causative organism. Because of the confined accommodation of the conscripts the source of the infection was thought to be the hot water system in the barracks. In two other policemen the demonstration of antibodies and of urine antigens confirmed Legionella infection as cause of an acute respiratory illness (Pontiac disease). Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 subtype Philadelphia, 1-8 colony-forming units per ml, was isolated from six of 14 hot water samples in the barracks. This subtype possesses a virulence-associated antigen which is found in the majority of patient isolates of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1.
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PMID:[A minor epidemic due to Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1]. 154 2

Moraxella (formerly Branhamella) catarrhalis is a gram-negative coccus now recognized as one of the common pathogens in respiratory infections. Documented cases of bacteremic pneumonia due to this organism, however, have been a rarity. Two cases of Moraxella catarrhalis bacteremic pneumonia in immunosuppressed adult patients are reported. The clinical characteristics of these patients together with those of the seven adult and the six pediatric patients reported to date in the literature, are analyzed. All patients had an underlying condition and most were male. The mean age was 64.9 years. No adult patient had skin lesion, although purpuric rash was frequent in children. The overall morality rate was only 13.3%, in spite of the underlying diseases. In three patients the pneumonia was nosocomial. The seasonal recovery of Moraxella catarrhalis in respiratory infections is significantly increased during the late fall through early spring period. Because most strains are beta-lactamase positive, empiric use of penicillin, ampicillin or amoxicillin for this organism can no longer be recommended.
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PMID:Moraxella catarrhalis bacteremic pneumonia in adults: two cases and review of the literature. 159

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is but one of many factors to consider when treating patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Many bacterial resistance patterns are stable, but wide geographical variation, increasing penicillin resistance in pneumococci and ampicillin resistance in Haemophilus influenzae are now being found. The importance of these features and their impact on therapy are reviewed.
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PMID:Antibiotic resistance in community-acquired pneumonia. 161 42

Efficacy of sulbactam, a beta-lactamase inhibitor, in combination with ampicillin, was evaluated for treatment of experimentally induced pneumonia caused by beta-lactam-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infection was experimentally induced in 18 healthy weanling foals that were randomly allocated to 3 treatment groups: sulbactam plus ampicillin (S/A, 3.3 and 6.6 mg/kg of body weight, respectively), ampicillin (6.6 mg/kg), or vehicle only. Foals were treated daily for 7 days; the observer was unaware of treatment status. Compared with ampicillin and vehicle, treatment with S/A resulted in a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in severity of pneumonia, with regard to bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic findings (decreased total cell and neutrophil numbers, and increased lymphocyte numbers) and extent of macroscopic lesions in lung tissue of the noninoculated regions. Marked trends toward improvement of S/A-treated foals were observed for quantitative results of bacteriologic culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples (P less than 0.07), macroscopic pathologic features of the whole lung (P less than 0.1), and histopathologic variables (P less than 0.07), compared with ampicillin- and vehicle-treated foals. Treatment effects were not observed for radiographic, hematologic, and blood gas abnormalities that resulted from infection. In conclusion, the combination of sulbactam plus ampicillin was found to have synergistic effects in vivo, to reduce the extent and severity of experimentally induced gram-negative lung infection in foals.
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PMID:Evaluation of sulbactam plus ampicillin for treatment of experimentally induced Klebsiella pneumoniae lung infection in foals. 162 75

Branhamella catarrhalis is an aerobic Gram-negative diplococcus. It has been traditionally regarded as an oropharyngeal commensal and until recently was only identified as a pathogen in cases of bronchopulmonary infections. The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of the respiratory infections caused by B. catarrhalis and to know the antibiotic susceptibility of this microorganism. We retrospectively studied 32 lower respiratory tract infections, caused by B. catarrhalis (20 cases of bronchial infection and 12 cases of pneumonia), diagnosed between 1988-1989 in our hospital. All patients had an underlying disease; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic heart disease being the most frequent. The aetiological diagnostic procedures were: sputum culture in 28 cases (15 in pure culture and 13 mixed), protected specimen brush (PSB) in three cases and transthoracic needle aspiration (TNA) in one case. Twenty B. catarrhalis isolates were penicillin and ampicillin-resistant, 11 in the pneumonia group and 9 in the bronchial infection group. All isolates were sensitive to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid and second generation cephalosporin. In our group four patients died. We conclude that B. catarrhalis is a not infrequent cause of respiratory infection, particularly in COPD patients, and that the high incidence of antibiotic resistance to penicillin and ampicillin should be taken into account before considering an empirical antibiotic treatment.
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PMID:Branhamella catarrhalis respiratory infections. 162 25


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