Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Efficiency of ceftriaxone (Rocephin Hoffman Laroche) was assessed in 16 children aged between 3 and 14 years and in 4 adults aged between 17 and 70 years with severe infections of the urinary and respiratory tracts caused by E. coli. S. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis or enterococci. Pyelonephritis as a sole pathology was diagnosed in 10 patients whereas in further 8 patients it complicated other diseases (nephrotic syndrome, hepatitis, cholangitis, leukemia). Pneumonia complicated nephritis leukemia or lymphoma in 8 children. Peritonitis was diagnosed in 1 adult patient. Ceftriaxone was given in a single daily dose of 50 mg/kg to all children and 2.0 g to adult patients for 7-10 days. No adverse reactions were noted. Clinical improvement was achieved in all treated patients. Cultures became negative in 17 cases after the treatment. Significant bacteremia caused by P. aeruginosa persisted in 2 patients and by E. coli in 1 patient. No toxic effects on liver, renal, pancreatic and bone marrow functioning were seen. Ceftriaxone may be safely and efficiently used for the treatment of the urinary and respiratory infections.
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PMID:[Use of ceftriaxone in urinary and respiratory tract infections]. 223 13

Sixty-two episodes of bacterial infection were studied in 51 cirrhotic patients. 2 g of ceftriaxone (active ingredient of Rocephin) were given intravenously once daily for 7-10 days. The infections were pneumonia, bacteremia, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, urinary infection and others. Good responses were seen in 90% of the cases.
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PMID:Use of ceftriaxone in the treatment of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients. 261 36

In a randomized prospective study, two different regimens of antibiotic prophylaxis have been tested: four-day cefazolin prophylaxis (Kefzol 0.5 gr every 6 h) compared with two-day cefuroxime administration (Zinacef 1.5 gr every 12 h). A total of 569 patients in the two groups were studied in a 10 month period. Haematological, liver function, serum creatinine and urea measurement were made preoperatively and repeated daily for the first four days and after one week. At least five chest X-rays were taken during the hospitalisation. Body temperature was measured regularly every two hours in the ICU and a least twice a day thereafter. The wounds were examined daily and the patients were carefully observed for other infections. Bacteriological examinations of the tips of all inserted catheters and pacemaker wires were undertaken on removal in the first four months of the trial. Swabs of any tracheal or wound secretion or pus taken for bacteriological examinations as also blood cultures in any suspected septicaemia. Of the 569 patients three had to be withdrawn from the study. Of the assessable ones 285 received cefuroxime and 281 were given cefazolin. Seven patients (1.2%) died postoperatively. The total infection rate was 5.5%: 5.7% in the cefazolin group and 5.3% in the cefuroxime group. The overall wound infection rate was 1.8%: 2.5% in the cefazolin group and 1.1% in the cefuroxime group. Septicaemia occurred in 0.5% of the cases. Pneumonia occurred in 11 (1.9%) patients; 1.5% in the cefazolin and 2.5% in the cefuroxime group. Seven patients (1.2%) developed a urinary tract infection; 1.4% in the cefazolin group and 1.1% in the cefuroxime group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis in cardiovascular surgery. A prospective randomized trial comparing two day cefuroxime prophylaxis with four day cefazolin prophylaxis. 351 30

Two different forms of cephalosporin prophylaxis were investigated in a prospective randomized comparative study: a one-day cefazoline prophylaxis (Kefzol 0.5 g every six hours) and a single dose of ceftriaxone (Rocephin 2 g). A total of 541 patients were included in the study over 10 months: 272 in the cefazoline (CFZ) group and 269 in the ceftriaxone (CRO) group. The patients were checked postoperatively for an infection. The total rate of infections was 4.7%; 4.6% in the CFZ group and 4.8% in the CRO group. A wound infection occurred in 1.1% of the cases, in 0.4% of the CFZ group and in 1.8% of the CRO group. Septicemia was diagnosed in 1.5% of the operated patients; in 1.2% of the patients treated with CFZ and in 1.8% of the patients treated with CRO. 1.3% of the patients developed pneumonia, 1.8% in the CFZ and 0.8% in the CRO group. Only one patient had a urinary tract infection (CFZ group). Furthermore, two double infections occurred in the CFZ group. A double infection was observed only once in the CRO group. Fever of unclear etiology developed in 3.6% of the patients in both groups. There was no statistically significant difference with regard to the rate of infection between the two groups. A single administration of ceftriaxone prophylaxis is accordingly just as effective as a one-day cefazoline prophylaxis. Despite reduction of the antibiotic application, the rate of infection has not risen in the last five years. The single application is advantageous compared to longer-term applications.
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PMID:[Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in heart and vascular surgery. A prospective randomized comparative study with cefazolin and ceftriaxone]. 354 70

In a randomized, prospective study a 2-day course of cefuroxime prophylaxis (Zinacef, 1.5g every 12 h) was compared with 2-day ceftriaxone prophylaxis (Rocephin, 2g i.v. plus 1g i.v. after 24 h). To date 512 patients undergoing cardiac (n = 418) and major vascular surgery (n = 94) entered the study: 258 in the cefuroxime and 254 in the ceftriaxone group. The one-month lethality rate was 1.0%. The total infection rate was 4.7% (12 patients in the cefuroxime and 12 in the cefuroxime group. Septicaemia occurred in 1-4% (cefuroxime n = 4; ceftriaxone n = 3); pneumonia in 2% (5 vs 5 patients). One patient developed diarrhoea due to Clostridium difficile. Plasma concentrations of ceftriaxone were measured (HPLC method) over the first 24 h in 110 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Plasma concentrations 24 h post-injection were 25.4 +/- 12.7 micrograms/ml. Prophylaxis with either cefuroxime or ceftriaxone was highly effective. The mean plasma levels of ceftriaxone achieved are far in excess of the MICs for the microorganisms commonly associated with infection following cardiovascular surgery, with the exception of Bacteroides and Pseudomonas. A single dose of ceftriaxone should therefore provide adequate prophylaxis for most patients undergoing major cardiovascular surgery.
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PMID:Cefuroxime versus ceftriaxone prophylaxis in cardiovascular surgery. 391 87

In a randomized prospective study, two different regimens of antibiotic prophylaxis have been tested: 4-day cefazolin prophylaxis (Kefzol, 0.5 g every 6 h) compared with 2-day cefuroxime administration (Zinacef, 1.5 g every 12 h). A total of 569 patients in the two groups were studied over a 10 months' period. Hematological, liver-function, serum creatinine and urea measurements were performed preoperatively and repeated daily for the first four days and after one week. At least five chest X-rays were taken during the hospitalization. Body temperature was measured regularly every two hours in the ICU and at least twice daily thereafter. The wounds were examined daily and the patients were carefully observed for other infections. Bacteriological examinations of the tips of all inserted catheters and pacemaker wires were undertaken on removal in the first four months of the trial. Swabs of any tracheal or wound secretion or pus were taken for bacteriological examinations, and blood cultures were performed for any suspected septicemia. Of the 569 patients, 3 had to be withdrawn from the study. Of the assessable patients, 285 received cefuroxime and 281 were given cefazolin. Seven patients (1.2%) died intra- or postoperatively. The total infection rate was 5.5%; 5.7% in the cefazolin group and 5.3% in the cefuroxime group. The overall wound infection rate was 1.8%; 2.5% in the cefazolin group and 1.1% in the cefuroxime group. Septicemia occurred in 0.5%, pneumonia in 11 patients (1.9%); 1.5% in the cefazolin and 2.5% in the cefuroxime group. Seven patients (1.2%) developed a urinary tract infection; 1.4% on the cefazolin group and 1.1% in the cefuroxime group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[A prospective, randomized comparative study between cefazolin and cefuroxime as perioperative antibiotic prevention in cardiovascular surgery]. 636 32

After elective splenectomy septic complications in the early postoperative period occur up to 45%. In a prospective, randomised, controlled study of 61 patients the incidence of postoperative infections with and without prophylactic use of an antibiotic was compared. 61 patients undergoing elective splenectomy were divided into two groups. 28 patients were operated without any antibiotic, 33 patients were given 3 X 1500 mg Cefuroxim (Zinazef) for three days, starting 1 h prior to the operation. Infections of the urinary tract and the lung were excluded preoperatively. With a standardized program we searched for intraabdominal abscesses, infections of the lung, the urinary system and the abdominal incision postoperatively. No fatal complication occurred. A significant reduction in total septic complication rate (p less than 0.01) and in pneumonia was found as well in benign as in malignant disease. The study shows, that the apparently disturbed immunological defense following splenectomy can be improved by the prophylactic use of antibiotics.
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PMID:[Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in elective splenectomy. A randomized prospective study]. 646 34

Cefditoren, a third generation orally administered aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, has demonstrated bactericidal activity against many Gram positive and negative bacterial pathogens and stability against clinically important beta-lactamases. Cefditoren was compared to cefaclor, cefixime, and penicillins against 1 435 recently isolated strains of streptococci (312 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 165 viridans group streptococci, 142 beta-haemolytic streptococci), Haemophilus influenzae (521 strains), and Moraxella catarrhalis (295 strains). Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans group streptococci had penicillin nonsusceptible rates of 37.8 and 35.8%, respectively. Cefditoren (MIC(90) in microg/ml/% susceptible) activity against all tested H. influenzae (0.03/100) and M. catarrhalis (0.06-0.5/100) was comparable to cefixime and significantly greater than cefaclor. Cefditoren (MIC(90), 0.5 microg/ml) was 4- to 128-fold more active than comparison beta-lactams against the pneumoococci and was the most potent beta-lactam (including penicillin) versus beta-haemolytic streptococci. Cefditoren pharmacokinetics demonstrate a T(1/2) of 1.5-2 h and C(max) values of 2.8 and 4.6 microg/ml, respectively with 200 or 400 mg doses of cefditoren pivoxil; plasma concentrations exceed 1 microg/ml for 4 to 6 hours (33-50% of dosing interval). Consequently, a susceptible MIC of </= 1 microg/ml or </= 2 microg/ml was proposed with zone diameter correlates of >/= 18 and >/= 15 mm (5-microg disk) for all cited fastidious species tested. Categorical agreement between MIC and disk tests was 94.6 to 100% with a correlation coefficient (r) range of 0.50 to 0.90 for streptococci. H. influenzae intermethod comparison results using the same interpretive criteria were in complete agreement, but exhibited a low r = 0.39. Cefditoren clearly possesses the most potent activity among currently studied oral cephalosporins or penicillin against commonly isolated bacterial pathogens causing bronchitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, or pharyngitis and was active against nearly all penicillin-resistant streptococci at </= 0.5 microg/ml. Expanded clinical investigations seem warranted.
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PMID:Antimicrobial activity and in vitro susceptibility test development for cefditoren against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus species. 1086 4

Cefditoren is the active form of cefditoren pivoxil, a new, broad-spectrum oral cephalosporin with strong in vitro activity against penicillin-susceptible and resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. In this study, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of cefditoren were determined for a special selection of S. pneumoniae isolates known to be susceptible, moderately susceptible or fully resistant to penicillin; these isolates originated from the lower respiratory tract of adults with pneumonia or the upper respiratory tract of children with or without symptoms of infection. Some of this latter group of isolates exhibited extremely high MICs to penicillin (> or = 32 mg/l), whereas the MICs of cefditoren did not exceed 2 mg/l. The MIC50 and MIC90 of cefditoren proved to be 0.25 and 1.0 mg/l, respectively, with a range of MICs < or = 0.015-2.0 mg/l for all the tested S. pneumoniae isolates. Its good activity suggests that cefditoren is expected to be a potent drug in infections caused by penicillin-resistant and multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae.
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PMID:In vitro activity of cefditoren against a special collection of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Hungary. 1289 83

Cefdinir (Omnicef) is an oral third-generation cephalosporin with good in vitro activity against many pathogens commonly causative in community-acquired infections. The drug provides good coverage against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common respiratory tract pathogens. Cefdinir is stable to hydrolysis by commonly occurring plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases and retains good activity against beta-lactamase-producing strains of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. The drug distributes into various tissues (e.g. sinus and tonsil) and fluids (e.g. middle ear), and has a pharmacokinetic profile that allows for once- or twice-daily administration.Cefdinir, administered for 5 or 10 days, has shown good clinical and bacteriological efficacy in the treatment of a wide range of mild-to-moderate infections of the respiratory tract and skin in adults, adolescents and paediatric patients in randomised, controlled trials. In adults and adolescents, cefdinir is an effective treatment for both lower (acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis [ABECB], community-acquired pneumonia) and upper (acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, streptococcal pharyngitis) respiratory tract infections, and uncomplicated skin infections. Its bacteriological and clinical efficacy in patients with lower respiratory tract infections was equivalent to that of comparator agents (cefprozil [bacteriological only], loracarbef, cefuroxime axetil and cefaclor). In one trial in patients with ABECB, cefdinir produced a higher rate of clinical cure than cefprozil (95% CIs indicated nonequivalence). Cefdinir also produced good clinical and bacteriological responses equivalent to responses with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in patients with acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. In addition, it was at least as effective as penicillin V (phenoxymethylpenicillin) in streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis and as effective as cefalexin in uncomplicated skin infections. In paediatric patients aged > or =6 months, cefdinir showed similar efficacy to that of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or cefprozil in acute otitis media, and cefalexin in uncomplicated skin infections. Cefdinir given for 5 or 10 days was at least as effective as penicillin V for 10 days in patients with streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Cefdinir is usually well tolerated. Diarrhoea was the most common adverse event in trials in all age groups. Although the incidence of diarrhoea in cefdinir recipients was generally higher than in adults and adolescents treated with comparators, discontinuation rates due to adverse events were generally similar for cefdinir and comparator groups. In conclusion, cefdinir is a third-generation cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity encompassing pathogens that are commonly causative in infections of the respiratory tract or skin and skin structure. Depending on the infection being treated, cefdinir can be administered as a convenient once- or twice-daily 5- or 10-day regimen. Clinical evidence indicates that cefdinir is an effective and generally well tolerated drug with superior taste over comparator antibacterial agents and is therefore a good option for the treatment of adults, adolescents and paediatric patients with specific mild-to-moderate respiratory tract or skin infections, particularly in areas where beta-lactamase-mediated resistance among common community-acquired pathogens is a concern.
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PMID:Cefdinir: a review of its use in the management of mild-to-moderate bacterial infections. 1521 60


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