Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eight children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection had symptomatic cardiac dysfunction. The median age was 1.4 years (range 0.2 to 7.9 years). All had hepatosplenomegaly, fever, pneumonia with tachypnea, and tachycardia ascribed to infection and anemia. An S3 gallop was present in six of eight. All had normal creatine phosphokinase values. Chest x-rays did not aid in the diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction. ECG showed flattened T waves in five of eight with left ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular hypertrophy, or both in seven of eight. Results of echocardiography showed decreased left ventricular function in all eight, despite anemia, with dilated left ventricular myopathy in six, concentric left ventricular wall thickening in two of eight, an enlarged right ventricle in two, and pericardial fluid in three. Medical therapy improved cardiac function in all. All patients subsequently died of noncardiac causes. Results of autopsies on four of eight patients showed focal myocarditis in two (with cytomegalovirus inclusions in one) and dilated cardiomyopathy in two others. We conclude: (1) Preexistent hepatosplenomegaly, fever, infection, and anemia result in physical findings that mimic findings of heart failure, thereby masking the occurrence of cardiac dysfunction; (2) an S3 gallop may indicate the presence of impaired heart function when other clinical signs are masked; (3) confirmation of cardiac compromise may be accomplished by noninvasive evaluation with echocardiography and (4) medical therapy can improve cardiac dysfunction in HIV-infected children.
 ...
PMID:Symptomatic cardiac dysfunction in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 252 16

Acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema (ACPE) is a common cardiogenic emergency with a quite high in-hospital mortality rate. ACPE is defined as pulmonary edema with increased secondary hydrostatic capillary pressure due to elevated pulmonary venous pressure. Increased hydrostatic pressure may result from various causes including excessive administration of intravascular volume, obstruction of pulmonary venous outflow or secondary left ventricular failure due to left ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction. ACPE must be distinguished from pulmonary edema associated with injury of alveolar capillary membrane caused by various etiologies, i.e. direct pulmonary injury such as pneumonia and indirect pulmonary injury such as sepsis. Numerous clinical manifestations may differentiate ACPE and Non-ACPE. ACPE usually presents with a history of acute cardiac catastrophe. Physical examination reveals a low-flow state, S3 gallop, jugular venous distention and fine crepitant rales with auscultation. The diagnosis of pulmonary edema is made based on symptoms and clinical signs are found through history taking, physical examination, ECG, chest X-ray, echocardiography and laboratory tests including blood gas analysis and specific biomarkers. Medical treatment of ACPE has 3 main objectives, i.e.: (1) reduced venous return (preload reduction); (2) reduced resistance of systemic vascular (afterload reduction); and (3) inotropic support in some cases. Treatment that can be administered includes: vasodilator when there is normal or high BP, diuretics when there is volume overload or fluid retention, and inotropic drugs when there is hypotension or signs of organ hypoperfusion. Intubation and mechanical ventilation may be necessary to achieve adequate oxygenation.
 ...
PMID:Diagnosis and management of cardiogenic pulmonary edema. 2097 97