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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Their frequency is estimated with difficulty, although on autopsy pulmonary edema is found almost routinely. It is a major complication of overdoses (48 p. 100 of severe intoxications). Their formation can be suspected, when after the first phase of respiratory depressions, with coma, myosis, and a variable latent period, a second attack of respiratory insufficiency occurs with tachypnea, and cyanosis. The chest X-ray shows diffuse alveolar infiltration, sparing the apices. The heart being generally of normal size. Rapid disappearance of this infiltrate (24 to 48 hours) enables the elimination of two diagnoses: pneumonia due to inhalation of gastric fluid, an infectious pneumonia. Their pathogenesis remains very debatable: - in the majority of cases abrupt L.V.F. can be eliminated: -on the other hand it could be an allergic accident of the anaphylactic type, or local liberation of histamine, or a local toxic action on the pulmonary capillaries; - hypoxia, secondary to respiratory depression, could lead to pulmonary edema, by the same mechanism as at altitude; - finally, owing to the central neurological disorders a neurogenic theory can be put forward. Their treatment is essentially a combination of Nalorphine with oxygen therapy (by mask, or if necessary by assisted, controlled ventilation) with prevention of inhalation of gastric fluid (gastric emptying) or curative treatment of possible aspiration by antibiotics, and cortico-steroids. Diuretics can be useful, as well as cardiotonics.
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PMID:[Pulmonary edemas due to acute heroin poisoning]. 0 75

In 80 patients with Pneumocystis pneumonitis, the intial signs and symptoms of infection were usually fever and cough, followed by tachypnea and coryza. Flaring of the nasal alae and cyanosis occurred later. Blood gas composition was markedly altered in its acid-base profile in most patients at admission. There was moderate to severe respiratory alkalosis and hypoxia. Clinical manifestations were correlated with the extent of histopathologic changes in the lung. (Deprivation of protein in the diet of rats provoked P. carinii infection.) P. carinii infection was found in children with kwashiorkor; evidence of protein-calorie malnutrition is closely associated with P. carinii pneumonitis in children wiht cancer and other primary diseases. P. carinii pneumonitis proved unique in that the causative organisms remained limited to the lungs even in fatal cases. No toxins have been identified, and systemic effects of the infection were only those that could be related to hypoxia and fever.
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PMID:Signs, symptoms, and pathophysiology of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. 1 4

Cases of otitis media in infants under 12 weeks of age were reviewed to delineate the frequency, clinical features, and etiologic agents involved. Tympanocentesis was performed in 42 infants, 0 to 5 weeks of age, and in 17, from 6 to 11 weeks of age. The most common symptoms were irritability/lethargy (69%), fever (52%), cough (36%), vomiting (21%), diarrhea (20%), tachypnea (20%), and anorexia (18%). Associated illnesses were present in 33 (54%) of the patients, the most common being pneumonia (9), bronchiolitis (7), meningitis (6), conjunctivitis (4), and omphalitis (4). No peripartum infections or severe perinatal problems were found. Common respiratory pathogens were the predominant etiologic organisms, but coliform organisms were identified in 18% of the infants under 6 weeks of age. Cultures were sterile or grew organisms of questionable pathogenicity ("nonpathogens") in 39% of specimens. Since the signs and symptoms of otitis media in children less than 12 weeks of age are nonspecific and frequently associated with other major illnesses, the physician caring for these infants needs to be more aware of this disease and the therapeutic problems it presents.
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PMID:Otitis media in children less than 12 weeks of age. 1 93

The authors verified the possibility of modelling pneumonia by the intratracheal administration of carrageenin solution into the lungs of rats. The most satisfactory dose was found to be 0.5 ml 0.7% carrageenin solution administered at 40 degrees C. The disease, evaluated by the morphological and functional signs, culminated after two days. Both macroscopically and histologically the lungs displayed typical signs of catarrhal suppurative aspiration bronchopneumonia. Functionally, marked tachypnoea (mean 180 cycles/min as against 110 c/min in the conscious controls) and raised functional residual capacity were found. A drop in the respiration rate and in FRC after bilateral cervical vagotomy indicated that a reflex component participates in the origin of the above two signs.
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PMID:Carrageenin-induced experimental pneumonia in rats. 12 95

Acute lupus pneumonitis was the presenting manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus in six of 12 cases in this series. The clinical picture was characterized by severe dyspnea, tachypnea, fever and arterial hypoxemia. Radiographic findings included an acinar filling pattern which was invariably found in the lower lobes and was bilateral in 10 of the cases. Studies failed to reveal evidence of infection as a cause of the acute pulmonary infiltrates. All patients were treated with oxygen and corticosteroids; seven received azathioprine. Six patients survived and are clinically well 14 months to four years following their acute illness. Three of these patients have residual interstitial infiltrates with persistent pulmonary function test abnormalities indicating progression to chronic interstitial pneumonitis. Histologic sections of the lungs available from four patients revealed hyaline membranes and interstitial edema (four cases), acute alveolitis (two cases), arteriolar thrombosis (one case) and a prominent lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis with organizing bronchiolitis (one case).
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PMID:Pulmonary manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: review of twelve cases of acute lupus pneumonitis. 12 38

A case of pneumococcal endocarditis in an infant is reported together with a review of seven cases previously described in the literature. The prominent presenting symptoms of this usually fatal disease consisted of tachycardia, tachypnea, and cardiomegaly. A new murmur was heard in six of the eight patients. Fever was infrequent. Blood cultures were positive when done. The mitral valve was the site of infection in seven of the patients. In contrast to adult patients, pneumonia and meningitis are rarely encountered in children with pneumococcal endocarditis. The disease was fatal in all four patients before the penicillin era and in three of four patients who received penicillin.
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PMID:Pneumococcal endocarditis in infants. 15 10

Thirty-eight children were evaluated for interstitial pneumonia by open lung biopsy. In most instances the patients were immunosuppressed as a result of cancer chemotherapy and irradiation. Pneumocystis carinii infection was the most common cause of pneumonitis (60.4%), especially in children with leukemia (78.3%). The clinical triad of hypoxemia, tachypnea, and a diffuse interstitial infiltrate on chest x-ray, is an indication for early open lung biopsy. Survival was 91.7% in cases of acute pneumocystis pneumonia, a significant improvement over previous reports. These observations strongly support the concept of early open lung biopsy in the management of diffuse interstitial pneumonitis in patients who are immunosuppressed.
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PMID:Interstitial pneumonitis in the immunologically suppressed child: an urgent surgical condition. 30 27

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis is a diffuse bilateral alveolopathy encountered in the immunocompromised host with cancer, a congenital immune deficiency disorder, an organ transplant, severe protein-energy malnutrition or recipients of immunosuppressive therapy for other conditions. The onset is abrupt with fever and tachypnea. No rales are heard and the roentgenogram reveals a diffuse alveolar disease. Once the pneumonitis is evident, the infection is usually fatal if no treatment is given. The diagnosis is best established by the demonstration of the causative organism in specimens obtained by open lung biopsy, or other invasive methods, and stained with Gomori's methenamine silver nitrate, toluidine blue O or polychrome stains. Of the two drugs available for treatment, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is preferred over pentamidine isethionate because of relative difference in adverse effects. With either drug the recovery rate is about 75%. The infection can be prevented in high risk patients by the administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylactically.
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PMID:Pneumocystis pneumonia: a plague of the immunosuppressed. 30 68

Visualization of the suprasternal fossa in the newborn is due to suprasternal retraction. It is seen in 59% of patients with respiratory distress syndrome of the premature prior to intubation, and in 5% of patients with conditions such as pneumonia, meconium aspiration, and transient tachypnea of the newborn. The lower compliance of the lungs in patients with respiratory distress syndrome and increased compliance of the chest wall in premature infants accounts for the higher incidence of accentuation of the fossa. Visualization of the suprasternal fossa can simulate the distended proximal pouch of esophageal atresia. The two can be differentiated in the lateral view where the pretracheal location of the fossa can be appreciated.
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PMID:The suprasternal fossa on chest radiographs in newborns. 41 88

Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the epipharynx of a 10-week-old baby girl taken ill with pneumonia but without signs of conjunctivitis. The infant developed specific antibodies to the organism. The course of the pneumonia was protracted, with cough and tachypnea. The baby, who was afebrile, improved on antibiotic therapy but pulmonary infiltrates persisted for several months. To our knowledge, this is the first case of pneumonia in an infant associated with C. trachomatis infection reported elsewhere than North America.
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PMID:Pneumonia associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection in an infant. 52 46


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