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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A study was conducted to investigate causes of lamb morbidity and mortality on farms and on-station at Debre Berhan during 1989 and 1990. It showed pneumonia (bacterial and/or verminous), starvation-mismothering exposure (SME) complex, gastrointestinal parasites, enteritis, abomasal impaction and physical injuries to be important health constraints on productivity. Neonatal mortalities were 51.5% and 46.3% on farms and on-station respectively and occurred owing to management problems such as SME, abomasal impaction and physical injuries. On the farms the lamb birth weight was 2.56 +/- 0.25 kg and was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the dam's age, lambing weight, litter size, sex of lamb and year of lambing, but not by the season of lambing. Birth weight significantly (p < 0.05) influenced lamb mortality. Lambs with a low birth weight tended to die from SME. Morbidities and mortalities due to infectious causes increased in older lambs, suggesting that infections were acquired with age when resistance was lowered owing to inadequate nutrition and poor management. Heavy loss of lambs could be overcome by such health management interventions as foster mothering, warming lambs during the cold season and vaccination with polyvalent vaccines against pasteurellosis, clostridial infection and Dictyocaulus filaria.
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PMID:Causes of lamb morbidity and mortality in the Ethiopian highlands. 129 2

Perinatal mortality is affected by a variety of management factors and disease processes that create significant losses for the sheep industry. Annual production losses prior to weaning include roughly 15% to 20% of the lamb crop. The majority of these perinatal losses occur during the prenatal, natal, and early postnatal periods, with the predominant wave of mortality occurring during the first several days following birth. Causes of perinatal mortality may vary between flocks and between geographic areas; however, four dominant categories of lamb loss consistently surface: (1) abortions; (2) hypothermia, starvation, and exposure; (3) pneumonia; and (4) stillbirth and dystocia. They account for roughly 50% to 75% of all documented perinatal losses. Veterinarians and producers need to work together to document the type of losses that occur in a given flock and then design economic prevention programs that address these problems. In most cases, traditional prevention programs will need to be replaced by a comprehensive management scheme addressing nutrition, genetics, housing, marketing, lambing husbandry, and labor.
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PMID:Diagnosis and control of neonatal losses in sheep. 224 60

Mechanically ventilated patients are at high risk for malnutrition, and it is now accepted that nutrition can influence the respiratory function. In particular, malnutrition can adversely affect lung function and the adverse effects of such malnutrition include: decreased ventilatory drive, decreased respiratory muscle function, alterations of lung parenchyma and depressed lung defense mechanisms. Therefore, nutrition support should be considered if a patients has a severe chronic pulmonary disease or an acute respiratory disease. Recent studies showed that malnourished patients have a reduced respiratory muscle strength and that nutritional intervention can return muscle ventilatory function to normal levels. Furthermore, it seems very likely that the ventilatory drive can be influenced by dietary intake of amino acids and glucose. The structure of the pulmonary parenchyma can be affected by starvation and the pulmonary defense mechanisms are depressed in malnourished patients. The incidence of post-operative pneumonia or atelectasis is higher in protein-depleted patients. in comparison with well-nourished patients. In conclusion, the importance of nutrition support in the management of patients with respiratory failure, particularly those mechanically ventilated, is stressed in the paper.
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PMID:[Effects of the nutritional status on the respiratory system]. 269 12

This investigation evaluates the usefulness of an experimental technique in mice that has been used to study lung tolerance as a major dose-limiting tissue in clinical radiotherapy. The pathological sequalae of upper half body irradiation using a range of single and fractionated (2 Gy per fraction once or twice daily) doses was characterized in C3H/HeJ mice. Four phases of potentially lethal syndromes were revealed starting with the very acute effects of oral inflammation within 1 month. Incisor damage occurred between 1 and 3 months when the supplying of powdered food appeared to prevent lethality from starvation. Single radiation doses then produced a predictable incidence of pneumonitis (3 to 6 months) followed by pleural effusions (6 to 12 months). These later two syndromes were absent in mice that survived the acute effects of fractionated UHBI. In accordance with other rapidly proliferating tissues, the estimated alpha/beta ratios for oral epithelial and incisor damage were notably larger than that previously reported for lung. This denotes the smaller capacity of the acute responding target cells to repair sublethal damage. The consequent predominance of acute reactions in the fractionated courses therefore confined the maximal tolerated dose to that which produced an unmeasurable level of pulmonary injury. Our discussion of these results warn against the simple extrapolation of fractionated or low dose rate UHBI lethality data from mouse to man without due consideration of extrapulmonary radiation effects.
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PMID:Dose-limiting complications from upper half body irradiation in C3H mice. 327 32

The birth and fate of 818 lambs born to 571 ewes on a low-ground farm in the Scottish Borders with a history of substantial perinatal mortality were monitored with a range of physiological, biochemical and pathological measurements. In lambs which survived, the rectal temperature, birthweight and plasma concentrations of fructose, insulin, thyroxine and the third component of complement at birth, and the weight at four months of age, decreased with litter size. One hundred and thirty-seven lambs were stillborn or died within four days and seven others died later. The mothers of 77 per cent of these lambs had low condition scores, but the lamb deaths did not correlate significantly with the condition scores. From data relating to birthweight, temperature, packed cell volume and plasma composition it was deduced that placental insufficiency was involved in 24 per cent of these deaths; acute hypoxaemia at birth accounted for 35 per cent, inadequate thermogenesis for 12 per cent and starvation for 13 per cent. The remaining 16 per cent of dead lambs could not be assigned to any of these categories. Using only clinicopathological criteria, 37 per cent of the lamb deaths were attributed to antenatal influences which included immaturity, developmental anomalies, and degenerative or inflammatory changes. Thirty-three per cent of the deaths were due to post natal factors which included, in declining order of frequency, starvation, enteritis, misadventure, pneumonia, navel infections and septicaemia. No conclusions could be drawn from the pathological examinations alone in the remaining 30 per cent, although almost half of these had low rectal temperatures after birth, death being attributed to hypothermia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Clinical, biochemical and pathological study of perinatal lambs in a commercial flock. 359 May 87

A mail survey of disease occurrence in Canadian sheep flocks was conducted. The survey, which covered the period from September 1982 to August 1983, utilized flocks on the Record of Performance (ROP) sheep program and relatively complete data were available from 116 flocks. Data about lambing rates, incidence of a variety of lamb and ewe diseases and reasons for culling were obtained. At the same time a retrospective evaluation of records of diagnoses of sheep diseases recorded at diagnostic laboratories across the country was performed. Data from the years 1978 to 1982 were obtained and summarized. A lambing percentage of 153% (1.53 lambs live born per ewe lambing) was observed and an additional 0.05 lambs were stillborn. The major identified causes of mortality amongst lambs were starvation, pneumonia, scours and accidents. Pasteurella spp. were the etiological agents most commonly associated with pneumonia in lambs and Escherichia coli had the same predominant position with regards to nonparasitic scours. A large discrepancy existed between the proportional mortality rates for internal parasites and coccidiosis as determined from the farm survey data compared to diagnostic laboratory data. This suggests that clinical parasitism may not be adequately recognized at the farm level. Abortions in ewes occurred in approximately half the flocks, but generally at a low level and no severe abortion storms occurred. Pneumonia was the most commonly identified cause of mortality in ewes and although Pasteurella spp. appear to be the most important etiological agents, regional differences were apparent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:A survey of sheep diseases in Canada. 384 53

A study of West African Dwarf goats over a 5 year period indicated that these animals are not seasonal breeders but kid throughout the year. Sixty-five per cent of does kidded twice a year and multiple births accounted for 59% of all births. Seventy-two per cent of all deaths were of kids under 3 months of age. Pneumonia and starvation were the main causes of death. It is suggested that this is potentially a prolific breed which with proper husbandry and selection could help to meet the need for animal protein in sub-Saharan West Africa.
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PMID:Some production traits of the West African Dwarf goat. 734 87

A three year survey on sheep deaths and their causes was conducted on 10 commercial farms in the north of Scotland. Diseases and other trauma associated with the perinatal period accounted for 56.81% of all ewe deaths, while pneumonia, parasitic gastroenteritis, torsion of the bowel and haemorrhagic enteritis (redgut) accounted for a further 21.7%. No one disease condition predominated in the rams and hoggs. In lambs, most deaths occurred between birth and four days old (77.86%). Causes came in the form of starvation and exposure (34.2%), stillbirths (18.2%), lambing injuries (11.06%), infectious conditions (8.0%), dystocia (7.6%) and abortion (5.2%). The overall death rate among the lambs was 14.2%.
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PMID:A survey of sheep losses and their causes on commercial farms in the north of Scotland. 736 90

Pneumocystis carinii is a eukaryotic organism that causes pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. The cell biology and life cycle of the organism are poorly understood primarily because of the lack of a continuous in vitro cultivation system. These limitations have prevented investigation of the organism's infectious cycle and hindered the rational development of new antimicrobial therapies and implementation of measures to prevent exposure to the organism or transmission. The interaction of P. carinii with its host and its environment may be critical determinants of pathogenicity and life cycle. Signal transduction pathways are likely to be critical in regulating these processes. G proteins are highly conserved members of the pathways important in many cellular events, including cell proliferation and environmental sensing. To characterize signal transduction pathways in P. carinii, we cloned a G-protein alpha subunit (G-alpha) of P. carinii carinii and P. carinii ratti by PCR amplification and hybridization screening. The gene encoding the G-alpha was present in single copy on a 450-kb chromosome of P.c. ratti. The 1,062-bp G-alpha open reading frame is interrupted by nine introns. The predicted polypeptide showed 29 to 53% identity with known fungal G-alpha proteins with greatest homology to Neurospora crassa Gna-2. Northern (RNA) blot analysis and immunoprecipitation demonstrated expression of the G-alpha mRNA and protein P. carinii isolated from heavily infected animals. Some alteration in the level of transcription was noted in short-term maintenance in starvation or rich medium. Characterization of signal transduction in P. carinii will permit a better understanding of the reproductive capacity and other cellular processes in this family or organisms that cannot be cultured continuously.
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PMID:Signal transduction in Pneumocystis carinii: characterization of the genes (pcg1) encoding the alpha subunit of the G protein (PCG1) of Pneumocystis carinii carinii and Pneumocystis carinii ratti. 864 68

The purpose in this paper is to consider the importance of early nutrition for critically ill patients, briefly reviewing the effects of malnutrition, and the metabolic response to starvation and sepsis. Discussion includes assessment of nutritional status and nutritional requirements, with a suggested enteral feeding regime; and also the combined effect of enteral nutrition and glutamine on gut integrity and its relevance to nosocomial pneumonia, and the ability of the gut to accept food during critical illness.
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PMID:Nutrition and its importance to intensive care patients. 884 27


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