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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study examines the relationship between air pollution, measured as concentration of suspended particulates in the atmosphere, and infant mortality due to pneumonia in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro. Multiple linear regression (progressive or stepwise method) was used to analyze infant mortality due to pneumonia, diarrhea, and all causes in 1980, by geographic area, income level, and degree of contamination. While the variable "proportion of families with income equivalent to more than two minimum wages" was included in the regressions corresponding to the three types of infant mortality, the average contamination index had a statistically significant coefficient (b = 0.2208; t = 2.670; P = 0.0137) only in the case of mortality due to pneumonia. This would suggest a biological association, but, as in any ecological study, such conclusions should be viewed with caution. We believe that air quality indicators are essential to consider in studies of acute respiratory infections in developing countries.
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PMID:[Air pollution and infant mortality from pneumonia]. 183 Oct 24

Here we report a case of neonatal lupus erythematosus syndrome presenting with multisystem organ involvement, including anemia, thrombocytopenia, purpura, bloody diarrhea, enzymatic liver abnormalities, splenomegaly and pneumonitis. These findings preceded the cutaneous rash that was the clue for the diagnosis. The patient's mother had an undiagnosed subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. The various forms of onset of neonatal lupus erythematosus syndrome are emphasized.
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PMID:Neonatal lupus erythematosus with multisystem organ involvement preceding cutaneous lesions. 184 64

A retrospective case-control study of children less than 5 years of age with diarrhoea was conducted at a hospital in southern Ethiopia. 21 cases (deaths) and 84 controls were studied. Severe dehydration, fever, pneumonia, acute and chronic malnutrition and age greater than 12 months were risk factors significantly associated with death. A simple score system to identify children at risk of dying is presented.
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PMID:Risk factors for fatal diarrhoea: a case-control study of Ethiopian children. 185 69

As specialized laboratory tests became more widely available, Legionella species were found to be common causes of nosocomial and community-acquired pneumonia. Patients with chronic lung disease and organ transplants are at greatest risk. Clinical manifestations are non-specific, although fever greater than 39 degrees C and diarrhea are common. Erythromycin remains the antibiotic of choice, although many alternative agents are available. Once cases are discovered, a search for the organism in water distribution systems and respiratory equipment can be fruitful. Disinfection of water distribution systems by superheating and flushing or by hyperchlorination is feasible.
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PMID:Legionella infection. 185 70

Despite rapidly increasing measles immunization coverage in Harare city, measles remains endemic, and regular outbreaks occur. The most recent occurred in 1988, when the measles immunization coverage was 83%. We have carried out a retrospective study of the clinical and epidemiological features of this outbreak to assess whether the present immunization policy needs to be changed. Of 4357 cases of measles seen at primary health care centres and hospitals in Harare during the outbreak, 1399 (32%) were severe or involved complications that required hospital admission. The peak incidence occurred among under-2-year-olds, followed by that among 5-7-year-olds. Poor nutritional status was significantly more frequent among children who were hospitalized and among those who died. A total of 59% of all cases aged 9-59 months had documented evidence of measles immunization. The most frequent complications, which occurred most often among under-5-year-olds, were diarrhoea with dehydration, pneumonia, laryngotracheobronchitis, and convulsions, which together affected 56% of hospitalized cases. The hospital case fatality rate was low (1.43%). In Harare, measles transmission remains a problem, despite high measles immunization coverage rates; the failure rate for the standard Schwarz measles vaccine also appears to be high. There is a need to reduce the number of measles cases among under-9-month-olds and young children. Further studies into alternative measles vaccines and schedules are required.
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PMID:Measles epidemic in Harare, Zimbabwe, despite high measles immunization coverage rates. 186 Jan 49

Compared with other major preventable childhood diseases, such as diarrhoea, acute respiratory infections (ARI) have received comparatively little attention as an important cause of death in children. In this study of mortality from ARI in South Africa, national data was examined for the period 1968-1985, and data for Greater Cape Town for 1987. Almost 90% of ARI deaths were attributable to pneumonia and large inter-group differences were found that favoured whites and Asians over blacks and coloureds. For example, during 1980-1985 the mortality rate for pneumonia in coloured infants under 1 year of age was 11 times that observed in whites (88 v. 981/100,000). Pneumonia accounted for 14.5% of coloured and 12.7% of black deaths under 1 year of age during this period, compared with 6.7% of white and Asian deaths. The mortality rates from pneumonia declined substantially (50%) over the 18-year period in whites, coloureds and Asians. Sequential data for blacks is not available. There was a marked seasonality of deaths among coloured and Asian infants, with rates peaking in winter months. In Cape Town, pneumonia is now a more important cause of death among white and coloured children than diarrhoea, while it ranks with diarrhoea as a cause of death in black children. In all population groups, death rates from ARI are from 7 times to 270 times greater than those recorded in Western European countries. Studies are urgently required to discover why South African children suffer such a high mortality from ARI and how these deaths can be prevented.
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PMID:Acute respiratory infections as an important cause of childhood deaths in South Africa. 186 39

Clostridium difficile has been well known to be a pathogen of pseudomembranous colitis. It is characterized by the formation of elevated plaques and pseudomembranes which result in varying degree of diarrhea. This series analysed 20 cases of pseudomembranous colitis diagnosed at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between January 1985 and December 1989. The male to female ratio was 1:3. Their ages ranged between 13 and 81 years, with a mean of 53.7 years. Sixteen of our patients claimed to have taken antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infection, pneumonia, cellulitis or acute pelvic inflammatory disease within six weeks before onset of symptoms. The antibiotics were mainly in the penicillin group and cephalosporin group. Clinical presentations included diarrhea of varying degree, fever, and abdominal pain. The diagnosis was made by the typical colonic mucosal changes under sigmoidoscopic or colonoscopic examination and pathological findings. The lesions were prominent in the rectum and sigmoid colon. Eleven cases were treated with vancomycin. Of these, one failed and died, and two recurred. The two recurrences were again treated with the same dose of vancomycin and with complete remission. Three of our patients responded to metronidazole. The other six cases with milder symptoms were successfully controlled by using cholestyramine (2 cases) or by supportive treatment (4 cases).
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PMID:[Pseudomembranous colitis: a clinical analysis and review of literatures]. 187 12

In order to know the incidence of risk factors predisposing children to pneumonia, case control study was carried out in six MCH Model Counties in 1986. Single factor analysis showed 29 factors were responsible for the increasing incidence of pneumonia. 13 of 29 factors were major pneumonia risk factors by the standard of means greater than 15 and OR greater than 3. They were malnutrition, anemia, riskets, pneumonia history, repeated colds, chronic diarrhoea, congenital malformation, asphyxia neonatorum, amniotic fluid aspiration, artificial feeding, too much clothing, family member with acute respiratory illness (ARI) and contact with ARI patients. Among them 7 factors were related to individual health condition. Therefore, it is important to improve general health of children so as to reduce the incidence of pneumonia.
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PMID:Case-control study on pathogenesis of pneumonia in children aged 0-2 years. 187 91

Bacteriological and clinical studies on cefodizime (CDZM, THR-221), a new cephem developed by Hoechst AG and Roussel Uclaf, were carried out and the results are summarized below: 1. Against Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae, antibacterial activities of CDZM were similar to those of cefotaxime (CTX), cefazolin, cefotiam and piperacillin. Against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia sp., antibacterial activities of CDZM were similar to that of CTX, and superior to those of other tested antibiotics. Especially against Haemophilus influenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis, it showed an excellent antibacterial activity. 2. Although the clinical efficacy was poor in 1 patient with sepsis caused by Salmonella marcescens and in another with cervical lymphadenitis, in 5 patients with upper respiratory tract infection, 4 patients with bronchitis, 6 patients with bronchopneumonia, 18 patients with pneumonia, 5 patients with urinary tract infection and 1 patient with enteritis, the clinical efficacy was excellent or good and the efficacy rate was 95.1% (39/41) including excellent efficacies in 25 cases. 3. Bacteriologically, all identified causative bacteria were eradicated except for 1 case of Salmonella sp., thus the eradication rate was 97.4% (38/39). Especially S. pneumoniae in 10 cases, H. influenzae in 12 cases and B. catarrhalis in 3 cases were eradicated totally. 4. Adverse reactions were studied in 46 cases, and digestive symptoms were observed in 9 cases (diarrhea 5 cases, loose stools 4 cases). Eruption and vascular pain were observed in 1 case each. As digestive symptoms in 9 cases were mild, the treatment were not suspended. In laboratory test values, elevation of GOT, elevation of GPT, elevation of bilirubin, and eosinophilia were observed in 1 case each. Influences on blood coagulation parameters were studied. No change was observed between the beginning and the end of the treatment. From above results, we have concluded that CDZM is a useful and safe antibiotic in pediatrics, administered at a daily dose of 20 mg/kg divided into 3 or 4 doses and administered intravenously.
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PMID:[Bacteriological and clinical studies of cefodizime in pediatrics]. 188 Sep 19

A retrospective review was conducted of 22 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected children under 13 years of age presenting to an inner city pediatric emergency department to determine their clinical manifestations of disease and utilization of emergency department services. When compared with a population of 78 normal children, the infected children were more likely to present with cough, difficulty in breathing, and lethargy. Pneumonia, diarrhea, and dehydration were more common diagnoses in the infected children, who were more likely to be admitted, had more invasive procedures, and required more professional staff to provide care. There was no significant difference in the frequency of visits (visits/month of age) when comparing the two groups. As expected, the infected children presented with problems associated with pediatric HIV-1 infection. Our results suggest that HIV-1-infected children require an increased level of care in the emergency department and subsequent admission to the hospital. These children did not visit the emergency department more frequently than the controls. This may be the result of an active outpatient HIV clinic in our hospital, which is available to both scheduled and unscheduled patients.
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PMID:Utilization and clinical manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children presenting to a pediatric emergency department. 190 79


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