Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Seven patients, 4 girls and 3 boys, aged 3 to 12 years /X = 7.14/ affected by haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome /HFRS/., were hospitalized at the University Children's Hospital in Belgrade during the last two years /January 1988-January 1990/. The diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical features, epidemiological data and autopsy findings in one patient while in the others the diagnosis of HFRS was confirmed serologically by indirect immunoflorescence tests on Vero E 6 cells. A significant increase in antibody titre against Hantaan virus was found in all serologically tested patients. Three of them had also significant increase of antibody titre against Soeul and one against Puumale virus. In four patients the disease appeared as family outbreak at the end of January 1988 while the others were sporadical cases. All patients but one mentioned contact with rodents at home or in fields. The predominant slynical symptom were: sudden onset of febrile condition with headache, generalized malaise, myalgia, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea, oliguria and oedema. All patients had haematuria and only one had other severe haemorrhagic manifestations. Four patients were hypertensive. Two patients had renal insufficiency, but only one required haemodialysis. Five patients recovered after 2 to 8 weeks without sequellae, one patient was still /7 months after the beginning of the disease/ in mild renal insufficiency and one patient died. Autopsy findings showed tubular necrosis in the kidney, myocarditis, massive pneumonia with hydrothorax and jejunal haemorrhagia.
 ...
PMID:[Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in children]. 168 34

Spreadsheet computer software was used to compare the estimated global treatment costs of the third-generation cephalosporins, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, in the management of pneumonia using treatment schedules taken from current studies. Included in the analysis were not only acquisition costs, but also costs that contribute to total expenses for a course of treatment, such as those of (a) preparation and administration (disposable supplies, nursing, and pharmacy time), (b) projected laboratory costs to monitor for hypoprothrombinemia, and (c) complication costs (diarrhea, superinfection, pseudocholelithiasis, and so on). The cost analysis was performed using United States trial-derived factors. Where published cost factors were not available, reasonable estimates were sought. Our analysis indicates that cefotaxime therapy may be less costly than ceftriaxone therapy in the dosage schedules used in these clinical studies and routine clinical practice.
 ...
PMID:Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of treatment with third-generation cephalosporins. 173 Jan 91

In 1905 Poels published 'Disease of swine in the Netherlands'. This book dealt predominantly with swine fever, erysipelas, tuberculosis and 'pneumonia'. Between 1920 and 1940 others reported on streptococci, lobular haemmorrhagic pneumonia, bordetellosis, Aujeszky's disease and postweaning diarrhoea. After the second world war, particularly after 1960, the Dutch pig-farming industry developed at a tremendous rate. As a consequence, the health problems changed. Certain diseases became less important: tuberculosis, erysipelas, Leptospira tarrasovi, enteroviruses. Yet other diseases including postweaning diarrhoea, atrophic rhinitis and Aujeszky's disease became problems of increasing importance. At the end of the seventies the knowledge of E. coli toxin types was substantial. On the other hand, information concerning the pathogenesis and pathophysiology was very limited. Bordetella bronchiseptica was still considered to be the most important agent in AR, zootechnical factors being predisposing. However, one was aware of missing links. Aujeszky's disease was obscure until the late fifties. Until 1972 only occasional reports were made. In that year, an epidemic occurred in the Gelderse Vallei. Another epidemic occurred in 1974 in the provinces of Brabant and Limburg. By 1980 proper vaccines were available and Aujeszky's disease was not yet a political problem.
 ...
PMID:[Changed health problems in a changing pig-farming concern in The Netherlands until 1980]. 175 28

Clinical evaluation in pediatrics on cefdinir (CFDN, FK482) (5% fine granules), a new oral cephem, was performed. 1. CFDN was administered to 112 pediatric patients with ages between 1 month to 13 years with various infections. Dose levels used were 3.0-8.9 mg/kg (mean 5.1 mg/kg) t.i.d. for 3-14 days (mean 6.7 days). The studied patients included 2 patients with scarlet fever, 6 with acute pharyngitis, 6 with acute rhinopharyngitis, 52 with acute purulent tonsillitis, 8 with acute bronchitis, 24 with acute pneumonia, 7 with acute urinary tract infections, 1 with acute vaginitis, and 6 with impetigo. Total doses ranged from 0.6 to 4.05 g. One hundred eleven of the 112 patients were evaluated for clinical efficacy and all the patients were evaluated for safety. 2. Clinical effects were excellent in 51 cases, good in 57, and fair in 3 with an extremely high efficacy rate of 97.3%. Efficacy rates were 100% in scarlet fever, acute pharyngitis, acute purulent tonsillitis, acute bronchitis, acute vaginitis and impetigo, and 83.3%, 95.7%, 85.7% in acute rhinopharyngitis, acute pneumonia, and acute urinary tract infections, respectively. Good clinical effects were observed regardless of diseases. 3. Causative organisms were identified in 79 cases, of which 71 were found to be monobacterial infections and 8 were found to be multi-bacterial infections. In mono-bacterial infections, clinical efficacies were 100% for those caused by Staphylococcus aureus/Streptococcus pyogenes/Streptococcus pneumoniae/beta-Streptococcus except those in A and B groups with an overall efficacy of 100% against Gram-positive cocci (GPC) and they were 89.5%, 100%, 100% for those caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and Escherichia coli, respectively, with an overall efficacy of 90.3% in Gram-negative rods (GNR). In multi-bacterial infections also, a clinical efficacy of 100% was obtained. 4. Bacteriological effects were studied for 89 strains in the 79 cases. The eradication rate for a few strains of S. pneumoniae was low, 25%, but it was 100% for S. aureus, with the same results for S. pyogenes, and beta-Streptococcus. The eradication rate on GPC was high 94.1%. Among GNR, 66.7% of E. coli, 50.0% of H. influenzae, and 71.4% of H. parainfluenzae was eradicated. The overall eradication rate for GNR was 55.3%, lower than that for GPC. Microbial substitutions were observed in 13 cases, with Haemophilus sp. replacing other bacteria. 5. Diarrhea and soft stools were noted in 4 and 2 patients, respectively. The severity of these side effects, however, was slight and it was possible to continue the CFDN treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Clinical evaluation of cefdinir 5% fine granules in pediatrics]. 176 67

Clinical studies on 10% fine granules of cefdinir (CFDN), a new cephem antibiotic, were carried out in the field of pediatrics. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Half-lives of CFDN in plasma in 3 children when administered on an empty stomach were 1.77 hours (3 mg/kg per os) and 1.47 hours (6 mg/kg per os), respectively. Eight hour urinary excretion rates of CFDN were 21.5% (3 mg/kg per os) and 16.4% (6 mg/kg per os), respectively. 2. CFDN was administered to 11 children with various bacterial infections: 1 patient with scarlet fever, 1 with pharyngotonsillitis, 3 with acute bronchitis, 3 with pneumonia and 3 with urinary tract infections. The overall clinical efficacy rate was 90.9%. 3. Loose stool was noted in 1 patient. No abnormal laboratory test values were encountered.
 ...
PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies on cefdinir (10% fine granules) in pediatric field]. 176 69

We have carried out laboratory and clinical studies on cefdinir (CFDN) 5% and 10% fine granule preparations. The results are summarized as follows. CFDN 5% fine granule preparation was given via oral route to each of 2 children in the fasting state at a single dose of 3 mg/kg. After administration, the mean peak plasma level of CFDN was 0.76 micrograms/ml at 4 hours and the mean half-life was 1.77 hours. The mean urinary excretion rate of CFDN was 31.5% in the first 12 hours after oral administration. CFDN 10% fine granule preparation and CFDN 100 mg capsule were given via oral route 3 children and to another child in the fasting state at single doses of 3 mg/kg and 2.63 mg/kg, respectively. After administration of 10% granules the mean peak plasma level of CFDN was 0.73 micrograms/ml at 2 hours and the mean half-life was 1.62 hours. The peak serum level obtained after administration of CFDN 100 mg capsule was 0.91 micrograms/ml at 2 hours and the half-life was 1.08 hours. The mean urinary excretion rate obtained with CFDN 10% fine granules was 26.2% in the first 8 hours after oral administration and the urinary excretion rate obtained with CFDN 100 mg capsule was 19.7% in the first 12 hours after oral administration. Treatment with CFDN 5% fine granules was made for a total of 48 cases of pediatric bacterial infections including 21 cases of tonsillitis, 12 cases of scarlet fever, 3 cases of pharyngitis, 5 cases of impetigo, 1 case of subcutaneous abscess, 1 case of furuncle, 5 cases of UTI. Results obtained were excellent in 30 cases, good in 18 cases. Treatment with CFDN 10% fine granules was made for a total of 16 cases of pediatric bacterial infections including 6 cases of tonsillitis, 3 cases of pneumonia, 4 cases of scarlet fever, 2 cases of impetigo, 1 case of UTI. Results obtained were excellent in 8 cases, good in 7 cases, poor in 1 case. No significant side effects due to the drugs were observed except 2 cases (1 case with 5% preparation and another with 10%) with eosinophilia, 3 cases (all with 5%) with diarrhea and 1 case each of elevated GOT & GPT (with 5%) and elevated GOT, GPT & Al-P (with 10%).
 ...
PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies of cefdinir 5% and 10% fine granules in pediatric field]. 176 70

The fecal samples submitted for routine ova and parasite examination in Children's Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, between October 1984 and November 1987, were investigated for Cryptosporidial oocysts, indicated that the prevalence was 1.61 per cent. The infection played an important role in aetiology of gastroenteritis and/or diarrhea. Because the children, particularly those less than 2 years of age who had watery and non-bloody stools and accompanied with gastrointestinal symptoms were found to have Cryptosporidium oocysts, almost (84.31%) of the infected children were hospitalized. Suggestively, Cryptosporidiosis should be included in the diagnosis of diarrheal disease in children and diarrheal illness in immunocompetent patients. In this report, the source of infection and the route of transmission was not identified but 80.39 per cent of children with cryptosporidiosis children were admitted with primary diagnosis of diarrhea together with pneumonia. The medication was Furazolidone or the combination of Trimethoprime and Sulphamethoxazone.
 ...
PMID:Cryptosporidium oocysts in stool specimens submitted to routine ova & parasite examination: 38 months survey. 176 40

A retrospective analysis of the medical records of 1970 patients admitted to the intensive care unit of the Clinical Research Centre in Dhaka, Bangladesh was made, to identify various complications and outcome. All patients were admitted with a history of diarrhoea. Children under 5 years old comprised 90% of these patients. 75% of these seriously ill patients recovered; 21% died; the remaining 4% were referred to other facilities for specialized treatment or left the hospital against advice. The principal causes of death were recorded as septicaemia (79%) and pneumonia (28%); multiple conditions contributing to the death were present in 90% of patients. None of the 405 deaths could be attributed to dehydration. Severe malnutrition was noted as an associated underlying disorder contributing to the death of 74% of the children. Recognition of these complications or illnesses in seriously ill diarrhoeal patients, and their timely and energetic management, are vital in achieving a low hospital mortality.
 ...
PMID:Complications and outcome of disease in patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a diarrhoeal diseases hospital in Bangladesh. 178 Oct 10

Forty-three newborn and young infants including 13 low-birth-weight (LBW) infants were treated with flomoxef (FMOX) and the clinical efficacy and side effect were evaluated. The ages of the patients ranged from 0 to 99 days, and their body weights from 797 to 9,000 g. Dose levels were 10.5 to 48.5 mg/kg every 6 to 8 hours for 3 to 12 days. Those patients who responded to the FMOX treatment included 8 infants with sepsis, 14 with suspected sepsis, 6 with intrauterine infection, 2 with meningitis, 7 with pneumonia, 1 with staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, 1 with epididymitis and 4 with urinary tract infections. The results were excellent in 17 and good in 22 patients. The drug was well tolerated, although diarrhea occurred in 2, slightly elevated serum concentrations of transaminases in 2, and eosinophilia and thrombocytosis in 1 patient each. Pharmacokinetic studies on FMOX with 20 mg/kg dose were done in 19 patients including 8 LBW infants. Serum concentrations at 15 minutes after intravenous bolus injection in five 1- to 6-day-old LBW, five 1- to 6-day-old and four 8- to 19-day-old mature infants were 52.6, 52.7 and 58.0 micrograms/ml, respectively, and those at 4 hours were 22.1, 13.3 and 5.2 micrograms/ml, respectively. Serum half-lives of the drug were 3.93, 2.29 and 1.62 hours, respectively, and excretion rates of this drug into urine in the first 6 hours after administration were 30.4, 45.1 and 58.7%, respectively. Mean serum concentrations just after intravenous 1-hour drip infusion in three 8- to 54-day-old LBW and two 8- and 10-day-old mature infants, were 31.5 and 18.9 micrograms/ml, respectively, and those at 4 hours were 15.3 and 4.3 micrograms/ml, respectively. Serum half-lives of the drug were 2.88 and 1.75 hours, respectively, and excretion rates of the drug into urine in the first 6 hours were 22.6 and 47.5%, respectively. The cerebrospinal fluid level at 3 hours after a dose was 7.09 micrograms/ml on the second day of treatment in a patient with Staphylococcus aureus meningitis receiving 50 mg/kg of the drug every 6 hours per day. Its level at 1 hour after a dose was 3.52 micrograms/ml on the 8th day of treatment in the same patient. The influence of FMOX on the fecal flora was studied in 7 patients. The characteristic pattern observed during the drug administration was the disappearance of Bifidobacterium, the decrease or disappearance of Enterobacteriaceae and the preservation of Streptococcus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Flomoxef in neonates and young infants; clinical efficacy, pharmacokinetic evaluation and effect on the intestinal bacterial flora]. 178 72

Improvement in neonatal care in India is needed in order to fulfill the National Health Policy to reduce infant and perinatal mortality and low birth weight babies. 50-60% of perinatal and infant mortality is due to neonatal mortality, specifically low birth weight. There have been no declines in any of the states even though there are literacy, fertility, poverty and health personnel differences between states. The health delivery system is described. Basic facilities are lacking in subcenters and primary health centers: weighing scales, blood pressure recorder, urine analysis, and blood transfusion capability; pregnancy registration is 40%. 40% of women believe that the female multipurpose worker (ANM) is a maternal and child health worker; Dais made postnatal visits to 25% of the women and infants, while physicians and ANM's visited 10%. The most frequent method of delivery is home delivery with a Dai or relative in attendance. Information on temperature control at birth, hand washing, feeding, and identification of high risk infants by health personnel is inadequate. There are no neonatal units in the entire country even though there are 8 million low birth weight babies/year and 1 million neonatal deaths/year. Neonatal causes are primarily birth injuries, aspiration syndrome, and neonatal infections (tetanus, pneumonia, and diarrhea). Studies have identified health service improvements to reduce neonatal mortality. In India, the priority should be to 1) establish delivery of neonatal and perinatal care at all 3 levels of care, 2) train and educate all health personnel in perinatal and neonatal care, and 3) improve community participation by involving the community in decision making on kind of care, perinatal care, and health education and by monitoring such services. Infant care must extend from prenatal through postnatal care, which is currently fragmented, through a 3-tiered system. 80-85% of all infants need care at Level I; 15-20% require Level II care; and 1-5% need Level III care. Health services and supplies may need to be provided at the village rather than the subcenter level and in postpartum services. Other possibilities are to include neonatal care within the Integrated Child Development Program or the Universal Immunization Program. Community leaders could monitor neonatal services. Regional institutes could provide training for all health personnel.
 ...
PMID:Current status of neonatal care and alternate strategies for reduction of neonatal mortality in the decade of nineties. 181 63


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>