Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
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We retrospectively reviewed the manifestations of influenza A2 in 83 hospitalized young children. Our purpose was to define the spectrum of clinical illness in this age group. Findings included fever (91%), vomiting or diarrhea (49%), pharyngitis (34%), pneumonitis (29%), otitis media (24%), conjunctivitis (13%), croup (13%), and bronchiolitis (6%). Neuromuscular manifestations occurred in 16 patients (19%) and included seizures, apnea, opisthotonos, and myositis. Three children had cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Children younger than 3 months of age had fever less often and gastrointestinal symptoms more often than older children. Threee children died of progressive pneumonitis. We conclude that influenza A2 may cause a wide range of respiratory and neurologic findings in infancy and early childhood.
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PMID:Type A2 influenza viral infections in children. 62 60

S-6437 (Sustained release cephalexin granule for pediatric use) was studied with the following results: 1) Following the single oral administration of 25 mg/kg of S-6437 in 6 children 4 approximately 6 years old, the following blood levels (average) of cephalexin were obtained: 3.1 microgram/ml in one hour after the administration, 8.6 microgram/ml in 2 hours, 8.7 in 4 hours, 7.2 in 6 hours, 4.0 in 8 hours and 1.2 in 12 hours. Effective blood levels of cephalexin by S-6437 were maintained for longer period of time than those by regular cephalexine dry syrup. In 4 of 6 children receiving S-6437, cephalexin was scarcely detected in their blood in 12 hours after the administration. From this, it is not considered that S-6437 is accumulated in body. 2) S-6437 was administered to 38 patients including: 7 with pneumonia, 7 with acute bronchitis, 1 with suppurative lymphadenitis, 4 with acute pharyngitis, 15 with acute tonsillitis and 4 with acute urinary tract infections. Out of the 35 cases, 31 (88.6%) responded to S-6437, and 3 cases could not be evaluated. 3) Transient diarrhea in 2 patients, rash in 1 and elevation of serum GOT, GPT and LDH in 1 were observed. However, these side effects were improved by discontinuation of S-6437.
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PMID:[Clinical experience with sustained release cephalexin (S-6437) in pediatrics (author's transl)]. 64 8

An outbreak of salmonellosis caused by S. dublin has been prevalent in the Province of Gelderland ever since the end of 1975. The clinical picture is marked by general disease and respiratory symptoms, variations in temperature and diarrhoea which was present in not more than approximately 20 per cent of the cases. The most satisfactory results of treatment were obtained on administration of a sulphamethoxazole trimethoprim compound and colistin. Mortality averaged 16 per cent, the flock continuing to be affected with the disease for six weeks. In addition to enteritis, septicaemia and pneumonia were outstanding features in post-mortem studies. S. dublin was detected particularly in the liver, spleen and kidney. The sensitivity pattern showed a marked decrease during the past six to seven years, particularly sensitivity to chloramphenicol, tetracycline and ampicillin. The greater part of the strains were only sensitive to colistin, furazolidone and a sulphamethoxazole trimethoprim compound. This increase in resistance is discussed, and it is attributed to mass administration of antibodies rather than to transfer of resistance due to R-factors.
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PMID:[Findings in an outbreak of salmonellosis due to S. dublin in veal calves in the province of Gelderland (author's transl)]. 65 96

Twenty-four cases of Legionnaires' disease were diagnosed at the Wadsworth Veterans Administration Hospital during a 5-month period. All cases occurred in persons exposed to the hospital environment during the usual incubation period of Legionnaires' disease. The clinical illness was quite characteristic. All patients complained of weakness, malaise, anorexia, and cough. Rigors, diarrhea, and pleuritic pain were frequent symptoms. All patients had a maximum temperature of greater than or equal to 39.4 degrees C. Thirteen of 22 patients had relative bradycardia. Chest roentgenograms documented pneumonia in all patients. Leukocytosis, hyponatremia, hypophosphatemia, and abnormal liver-function test results were typical. Diagnosis was made by serologic criteria in 20 patients, postmortem examination of tissue in two, and both serology and tissue examination in two. Four patients in whom the disease was not suspected died of Legionnaires' disease. One patient died of unrelated causes. Fifteen of 19 survivors received erythromycin therapy. The presentation of Legionnaires' disease was characteristic enough to allow early, specific therapy.
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PMID:Legionnaires' disease: clinical features of 24 cases. 68 39

PC-904 was administered to 24 patients: urinary tract infections (7 cases), bronchitis (2 cases), pneumonia (3 cases), brain abscess (1 case), septicemia and the suspected cases (10 cases), and buttock abscess (1 case). The daily dosage varied from 60 to 223.4 mg/kg and averaged 86.9 mg/kg. The drug was administered three times a day by 1-hour drip infusion, and the duration of the treatment averaged 11 days. Clinical results were obtained as excellent responses in 5 cases, good in 13, poor in 4, and unknown in 2, giving 75% of the clinical effectiveness. Bacteriological responses were excellent in 7, good in 2, poor in 2, and unknown in 13, and the overall effectiveness was evaluated as excellent in 2, good in 17, and unknown in 5. Antibacterial activities against clinically isolated bacteria were examined. MIC values of PC-904 were over 100 mg/ml 1 strain of E. coli and 2 strains of Klebsiella, however excellent sensitivities were observed in 3 strains of Ps. aeruginosa and MIC values varied 1.56 to 3.12 microgram/ml at 10(8) of inoculum size and 0.78 to 1.56 microgram/ml at 10(8). As to side effects, diarrhea was observed in 1 case, rash in 2, lowering ob blood pressure in 2, elevation of GOT in 1, and elevation of LDH in 2. Abnormal elevations of GOT (10 cases), GPT (5 cases), A1-P (1 case), LDH (7 cases), and BUN (1 case) were noticed in other patients, but it was considered to be due to underlying diseases.
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PMID:[Clinical studies of PC-904 in pediatrics (author's transl)]. 69 Dec 66

Paraprofessionals or medical auxiliaries require in-service training as well as continual analysis of program effectiveness. In a project in Punjab, India death surveys showed that diarrhea and pneumonia caused 66% of the deaths for children 3 years old and younger; therefore, in-service training programs were implemented to develop criteria for recognizing serious cases. Procedures were set up for field health workers to follow in the event of life-threatening illness and responsibility for patient care was left to the medical auxiliaries whenever possible. In diarrhea cases, mothers were taught how to properly care for their ill children since there were too many cases for field workers to handle adequately. To accomplish this, children were visited by paramedicals in their homes so that signs of dehydration could be pointed out. In pneumonia cases, single penicillin injections replaced daily procaine penicillin since mothers rarely returned their children for treatment. Since in-service training began there has been a 50% reduction in deaths due to diarrhea and a 45% reduction in pneumonia deaths despite a rise in both of the diseases.
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PMID:A successful programme for medical auxiliaries treating childhood diarrhoea and pneumonia. 71 85

Representatives of Klebsiellae tribe (K. pneumoniae, Ent. cloacae, Ent, aerogenes) were isolated in examination of pharyngeal discharge and feces of members of the polar expedition suffering from diarrhea and their contacts; the same microbes were revealed in the antarctic lake which served as the source of drinking water. The mentioned bacteria possessed typical cultural and morphological, as well as biochemical properties. K34 serovar was determined in serological identification of Kl. pneumonia. At the same time it was demonstrated that Klebsiella--representatives of Enterobacteriaceae could be facultative psychophils and persist in the external environment under low temperature conditions; entering human organism they could cause diarrhea, i.e. could act as pathogens.
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PMID:[Isolation of bacteria of the Klebsiella genus in diarrhea in polar researchers]. 74 13

The in vitro sensitivity to oxolinic acid shown by pathogenic gram-negative bacterial isolates from young calves with diarrhea, pneumonia, and septicemia was investigated by the bute dilution method. Minimal bactericidal concentrations of the drug for 65.5% of the isolates were less than or equal to 1.56 mug/ml and for 90%, less than or equal to 6.25 mug/ml. Cross resistance between oxolinic acid and chloramphenicol, streptomycin, neomycin, colistin, ampicillin, gentamicin, and oxytetracycline was not observed. Oxolinic acid was orally administered to a group of calves at dose levels of 12.5 to 57.0 mg/kg, and sodium oxolinate was intramuscularly injected in another group of calves at dose levels of 12.5 and 20 mg/kg. In the 1st group, oxolinic acid was detected in blood serum 15 minutes later; peak serum concentrations averaged 25 mug/ml at 10 hours after treatment with 50 mg of the drug/kg and 3 mug/ml at 7 hours, with 12.5 mg of the drug/kg. In the 2nd group, the dose level of 20 mg of sodium oxolinate/kg resulted in mean peak serum concentration of 4 mug/ml, observed 1 hour after the drug was injected. The half-life of the drugs in serum was approximately 3.5 hours after they were orally or intramuscularly given. These investigations indicate that oxolinic acid could be used in the treatment of the common calf diseases.
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PMID:Clinical pharmacology of oxolinic acid in young dairy calves. 77 48

The pneumonic lungs of 42 cattle from 26 feedlots were examined for the presence of mycoplasma, pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Four animals representative of two lots failed to yield mycoplasma. One of these yielded the virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and Pasteurella hemolytica, the other yielded only P. P. multocida. Nine animals in eight lots yielded Mycoplasma sp.: five of these were M. bovirhinis, two were M. arginini and two were untypable. All of these animals yielded one or more of P. hemolytica, P. multiocida, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus or bovine virus diarrhea virus. Twenty-five of 29 animals in 16 lots yieled M. agalactiae subsp. bovis from lung tissues. The same organism was recovered from the arthritic joints of 12 of these animals. Eight of the 25 animals yielded no other pathogen and all of these had not received any treatment. Nine of the 25 M. agalactiae subsp. bovis positive animals also yielded one or more of P. hemolytica, P. multocida, Corynebacterium pyogenes or infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. Bacteriological and virological studies were not completed for the remaining eight of the 25 positive animals. In five lots of cattle which had not received medication for pneumonia and for arthritis only M. agalactiae subsp. bovis was recovered. Twenty-five grossly normal lungs obtained from normal cattle at the time of slaughter were cultured and all were negative. The possible role of M. agalactiae subsp. bovis in pneumonia and arthritis was discussed.
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PMID:Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis in pneumonia and arthritis of the bovine. 83 94

Reservation-born Apache children adopted into non-Apache homes off the reservation at an early age were studied for incidence of three illnesses common on the reservation--pneumonia, diarrhea and otitis media. The illness rates were compared with those of non-Apache siblings in the adoptive home and with those of reservation children. Adopted Apache children had more illness than their non-Apache siblings, but less than Apache children on the reservation. Particularly striking was the low rate of multiple episodes of illness for adopted Apaches compared with those on the reservation. Intensive programs are needed to improve living conditions on the reservation.
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PMID:A migrant study of adopted Apache children. 83 14


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