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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bacterial tracheitis (BT) was found in 10 of 748 children (1.3%) admitted with croup during 1983-1990. 9.9% of all the 748 croup cases seen (74) were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and 16 of the 74 required intubation. 10 of those intubated (62.5%) were found to have BT and had typical features of croup, including inspiratory stridor, hoarseness and cough. Airway obstruction resulted mainly from accumulated tracheal pus. After endotracheal intubation all required frequent suctioning of thick purulent secretions. In 2 children causative microorganisms were cultured from the blood, and in all 10 from the tracheal pus. All children were given antibiotic therapy but a 7 month-old girl died of secondary complications (respiratory syncytial virus infection, pneumonia and adult respiratory distress syndrome). The others recovered and were discharged from the PICU within 3-14 days. BT should be suspected when tracheal intubation is required in croup. In such cases close monitoring in a PICU and frequent tracheal suctioning after intubation is necessary; antibiotic therapy should be considered.
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PMID:[Bacterial tracheitis in children]. 178 11

Bacterial tracheitis, previously referred to as nondiphtheritic laryngitis with marked exudate, was commonly discussed in pediatric textbooks before 1940. It seemed to disappear as a clinical entity after that time, but it has been recorded with increasing frequency in the pediatric literature since 1979. We describe eight new cases and review 110 previously described cases. The clinical course consists of a prodromal upper respiratory illness with stridor, fever, and a variable degree of respiratory distress. Unlike patients with croup, patients with bacterial tracheitis do not respond to aerosolized racemic epinephrine. Most patients require endotracheal intubation; some require tracheostomy. Reported complications include pneumonia, pneumothorax, formation of pseudomembranes, toxic shock syndrome, and cardiopulmonary arrest. Bacterial tracheitis is a secondary bacterial infection following a primary viral respiratory infection. The most common preceding viral infection is parainfluenza. Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae are the predominant causes of bacterial tracheitis. Secondary bacterial infection may occur as a result of tracheal mucosal injury or impairment of normal phagocytic function due to viral infection.
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PMID:Bacterial tracheitis: report of eight new cases and review. 223 9

A child initially seen in the emergency department with respiratory distress was diagnosed with viral laryngotracheitis and discharged home on oral steroids. She returned the following day without abatement of her symptoms and was admitted with upper airway obstruction and pneumonia. Bacterial tracheitis was diagnosed when the tracheal aspirate grew a pure culture of Staphylococcus aureus. Hemodynamic instability and severe parenchymal lung disease ensued from septic shock and adult respiratory distress syndrome requiring inotropic support and assisted ventilation. Oscillatory ventilation was instituted when the patient failed conventional ventilation.
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PMID:Staphylococcal tracheitis, pneumonia, and adult respiratory distress syndrome. 885 55

To investigate the etiology and clinical features of croup syndrome, clinical records of hospitalized children with a diagnosis of croup syndrome were reviewed from April 1990 to January 1996. There was a total of 132 children, aged between three months and seven years with a mean age of 21.3 +/- 16.8 months. A diagnosis of laryngotracheobronchitis was made in 123 (93.2 percent) children. Twenty-three pathogens were identified in twenty-two of them, including seven parainfluenza viruses, five respiratory syncytial viruses, four influenza A viruses, four Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and three adenoviruses. Bacterial tracheitis was confirmed by bronchoscopic examination in seven cases (5.3 percent). Cultures of the respiratory secretions yielded viridans streptococci in six and Staphylococcus aureus in one child. Two children (1.5 percent) had spasmodic croup. No case with epiglottitis was noted in the present study. A fever lasting for more than three days was noted in five (71 percent) children with bacterial tracheitis and thirty-five (28 percent) children with laryngotracheobronchitis (p = 0.048). Among children with laryngotracheobronchitis, an associated diagnosis of pneumonia, acute otitis media, or paranasal sinusitis was more frequently observed in those with fever > 3 days (40 percent) than those with a shorter duration of fever (17 percent, p = 0.013). In conclusion, a child with a longer duration of fever and more severe manifestations of airway obstruction probably has a bacterial cause of croup syndrome or a bacterial complication. Bacterial tracheitis is more common than epiglottitis in Taiwan.
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PMID:Croup syndrome in children: five-year experience. 1091 Jun 24

Viral laryngotracheobronchitis is a ubiquitous infectious process that has not caused significant mortality in the past 20 years. Bacterial tracheitis and pneumonia can complicate viral laryngotracheobronchitis and markedly increase the risk of bad outcome. Even uncomplicated, properly managed, viral laryngotracheobronchitis can occasionally result in death, particularly in the infant age group.
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PMID:Out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest in children with croup. 1471 64