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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We devised an in vitro model to examine the effects of Conray 60 contrast dye on microorganisms commonly found in septic arthritis. Using 42 culture plates in aerobic and anaerobic environments, we found no adverse effect on bacterial growth using 30, 7.5, 3.75, and 1.875% concentrations of Conray 60 contrast dye on cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Hemophilus influenza, and Streptococcus pneumonia.
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PMID:The effects of contrast dye on bacterial growth: an in vitro model. 217 13

Streptococci account for approximately 15%-20% of cases of nongonococcal septic arthritis. The majority of these are due to group A streptococci, but group B and group G streptococci are being isolated more frequently. We present a case of group C streptococcal arthritis and summarize nine additional cases reported in the literature. The group C streptococci include the large colony of Voges-Proskauer-negative bacteria (Streptococcus equi, Streptococcus equisimilis, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae) as well as as the minute colony of Voges-Proskauer-positive Streptococcus anginosus ("Streptococcus milleri") group C organisms. Any joint may become infected, but joints affected by preexisting rheumatologic abnormalities are more frequently involved. Bacteremia was documented in five of the 10 patients. One patient had an associated pneumonia, and another patient had an associated acute aortic valve endocarditis. None of the infections involved a prosthetic joint or an overlying cellulitis, associations reported for group G streptococcal arthritis. Surgical drainage of the infected joint was required in six of the 10 patients. We concluded that the presence of two groups of organisms sharing the same Lancefield group antigen necessitates the careful identification of isolates to determine potential clinical differences.
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PMID:Group C streptococcal arthritis: case report and review. 223 26

A case of polyarticular septic arthritis due to Lancefield group C streptococcus is described and the clinical details of 9 reported cases of septic arthritis due to group C streptococcus reviewed. Several features of the presentation and course of these patients, including polyarticular involvement (4/10), bacteremia (5/10), clinically important dysfunction in other systems (4/10 patients: cardiac, 3; CNS, 2; pneumonia, 1; gastrointestinal, 1), fatal outcome (3/10 patients, 2 during the course of active infection) and poor functional outcome in affected joints (4/7 surviving patients), serve to place group C streptococcus septic arthritis as a syndrome distinct from that usually expected with streptococcal septic arthritis. Specific features of the bacteriology of group C streptococcus are reviewed (including confusion with group A streptococcus when analyzed using nonserologic methods, occasional zoonotic source, and frequency of tolerance to penicillin) in order to emphasize the importance of both the specific identification of this particular streptococcal strain and the initiation of aggressive antibiotic therapy when group C streptococcus is identified as the causative agent in a case of septic arthritis.
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PMID:Septic arthritis due to group C streptococcus: report and review of the literature. 229 Jan 68

Although animal models of infection are associated with certain limitations in interpretation, properly performed studies provide important information for evaluating the efficacy of new antimicrobial agents in the treatment of human disease. The antibacterial efficacy of the newer quinolones, particularly ciprofloxacin, has undergone extensive evaluation in several animal models. Efficacy has been demonstrated in animal models of pneumonia, endocarditis, meningitis, skin and soft-tissue infections, septic arthritis, burn wound sepsis, empyema, intra-abdominal abscess, osteomyelitis, prostatitis, sinusitis, urinary tract infection, chronic gastroenteritis, granuloma pouch infection, and Pseudomonas septicemia. More recent studies have evaluated the efficacy of ciprofloxacin in animal models of tuberculosis and syphilis, as well as in infections caused by the intracellular pathogens Salmonella typhimurium, Legionella pneumophila, and Listeria monocytogenes.
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PMID:An update on the efficacy of ciprofloxacin in animal models of infection. 258 79

A 62 year-old man had suffered from gout and mild renal insufficiency since he was 40 years old. He was admitted to our hospital complicated by a productive cough, high fever and a right swollen knee joint. The chest radiographs demonstrated a left upper lobe infiltration shadow. Streptococci pneumoniae were found in the sputum, arterial blood and synovial fluid of the right knee joint, suggesting a severe pneumonia followed by pneumococcal septicemia which led to purulent arthritis. He was treated with cefamandole (CMD) and penicillin G (PC-G) for one week, but the chest X-ray findings were not improved. After treatment with cefbuperazone (CBPZ) and latamoxef (LMOX), his fever and other symptoms gradually resolved. Streptococcus pneumoniae is an uncommon organism of septic arthritis. Pneumococcal arthritis in a patient without immunodeficiency such as this case is very rare, and has not been reported in Japan.
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PMID:[A case of pneumococcal arthritis in a patient with gout]. 261 92

Significant streptococcal (non-pneumococcal, non-enterococcal) bacteraemia was detected in 100 patients in two Health Districts of North Yorkshire in the decade 1978-1988. Patients with these infections accounted for 11% of the total 902 patients in the districts in whom bacteraemia was diagnosed during the period. Infection was most often seen with beta-haemolytic streptococci (52 patients) comprising Lancefield group A (Streptococcus pyogenes) (20 patients), group B (13), group C (5), group G (9), haemolytic Streptococcus milleri and non-groupable streptococci (5). The wide variety of serious infections included cellulitis, abscess, septicaemia, pneumonia, septic arthritis, necrotising fasciitis, acute endocarditis and mycotic aneurysm. Of these 52 patients, 21 (40%) died. alpha-Haemolytic streptococcal bacteraemia was diagnosed in 38 patients of whom 24 (63%) suffered from endocarditis and three (8%) died. Three of ten patients with non-haemolytic or anaerobic streptococcal bacteraemia died also. Six of the 100 patients with streptococcal bacteraemia had concomitant acute virus infections. Of the total 56 patients with infective endocarditis diagnosed in the districts during the period, streptococci were responsible in 30 (54%) of them. The predisposing factors, clinical features and outcome of the infections are described and discussed.
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PMID:Invasive streptococcal infections in the era before the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a 10 years' compilation of patients with streptococcal bacteraemia in North Yorkshire. 266 96

A collection of 308 clinical isolates of beta-haemolytic Lancefield group C streptococci was assembled from laboratories in England, Nigeria and New Zealand. Of these, 276 isolates were Streptococcus equisimilis, 23 S. milleri and nine S. zooepidemicus. Isolates of S. equisimilis in the African collection, though few, gave higher rates of lactose and raffinose fermentation, aesculin hydrolysis and positive alpha-galactosidase reactions than those from elsewhere. Erythromycin resistance was found in 1.9% of the English isolates of S. equisimilis. Strains from superficial infections accounted for 88% of the collection and were most commonly isolated from the upper respiratory tract, skin or wounds. Amongst the 36 patients yielding isolates from deep sites S. equisimilis was found in septicaemia, cellulitis, abscess, peritonitis, septic arthritis, pneumonia, mycotic aneurysm and acute epiglottitis, S. milleri was found in abdominal abscesses, peritonitis, pleural empyema and osteomyelitis and S. zooepidemicus was found in septicaemia, pneumonia, meningitis and septic arthritis. Within the collection an unselected general catchment of 214 isolates of group C streptococci from the laboratories in Yorkshire showed the following species: from 199 superficial infections 94% S. equisimilis, 5% S. milleri and 1% S. zooepidemicus and 15 patients with deeper, more aggressive infections 67, 27 and 6.7% of these species respectively.
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PMID:Group C streptococci in human infection: a study of 308 isolates with clinical correlations. 273 52

Pneumococcal pneumonia presents peculiar problems to the diagnostician. It is at once the most common form of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and simultaneously the most difficult to document microbiologically. Bacteremia, empyema, meningitis, or septic arthritis due to S pneumoniae unmistakably verifies this bacterium as the cause of a coexistent pneumonia; this coexistence fortunately occurs infrequently. The diagnostic dilemma arises in the less sick patient. While recognizing the common presence of pneumococci in the oropharynx of healthy individuals, we give undue credence to S pneumoniae cultured from sputum obtained by expectoration. At the same time, pneumococci are frequently not found in cultures of sputum obtained from patients with confirmed bacteremic disease. More invasive techniques (transtracheal aspiration, protected bronchoscopic catheter, lung needle aspiration) are too complex, dangerous, or both for routine use. Attempts to detect pneumococcal antigen in blood, sputum, or urine by modern immunologic techniques give promise of avoiding the problems of either contamination or lack of bacteriologic growth. However, they have not yet been evaluated in sufficiently large groups with pneumonia of independently determined bacterial etiology to calculate test sensitivity and specificity. At the present time then, the careful clinician will use all the epidemiologic and clinical evidence at hand, including a careful Gram's stain and culturing of sputum, blood, and other sources, to arrive at the most likely etiology. The probabilities must be weighed in light of the imprecision of current laboratory confirmation and modified by clinical course. Choice of antimicrobial therapy still favor penicillin for patients with community pneumonia severe enough to warrant hospitalization, despite ominous trends in multiple resistance of S pneumoniae.
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PMID:Diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. 304 14

Gram-negative neonatal septicemia was diagnosed in a premature Standardbred colt. Clinical signs included lethargy, weakness, loss of suckle reflex, tachypnea, and injected mucous membranes. Sequelae included pneumonia, omphalophlebitis, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis. Prepartum maternal uterine infection, premature delivery, abnormal parturition with premature fetal membrane separation, and failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins increased the foal's risk for developing sepsis. Treatment included administration of moxalactam disodium and cefadroxil. The clinical efficacy of cephalosporin antibiotics in the treatment of gram-negative sepsis is discussed.
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PMID:Omphalophlebitis and osteomyelitis associated with Klebsiella septicemia in a premature foal. 320 51

The choice of treatment, the importance of chemoprophylaxis in household contacts and the potential impact of immunization with vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) currently under investigation are discussed on the basis of the patients hospitalized for invasive Hib infections at the University Children's Hospital Geneva from 1976 to 1985. Among 122 culture-proven infections due to Hib, there were 41% of cases of meningitis, 37.7% of epiglottitis, 9.8% of pneumonia, 5.7% of septicemia, 3.3% of cellulitis and 2.4% of septic arthritis. From 1981 to 1983, one strain of Hib produced beta-lactamase, but between 1984 and 1985, 5 strains (19.2%) produced beta-lactamase. Only one case of possible horizontal transmission of the infection was found in this 10-year period. We conclude that 1. the appearance of beta-lactamase producing strains of Hib requires that treatment be initiated with an antimicrobial agent resistant to beta-lactamase when a Hib infection is suspected; 2. in our region, only one case of an invasive Hib infection could theoretically have been prevented by chemoprophylaxis; and 3. the calculated theoretical impact of vaccination with the new types of vaccines against Hib could have prevented 106 of 122 cases of invasive Hib infections.
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PMID:[Systemic infections due to type b Haemophilus influenzae. A retrospective study of 114 cases]. 326 4


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