Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report our experience of herpes simplex virus infection in a series of 51 recipients of heart lung transplantation (HLT). Nine patients, all of whom were seropositive for the virus preoperatively, developed HSV infection. Seven episodes of culture-proved mucocutaneous HSV infection without evidence of pulmonary involvement occurred in four patients. Six episodes of HSV pneumonia were seen in a further five patients, one of whom died. Diagnosis of HSV pneumonia was by histological appearances on transbronchial biopsy, together with culture of lung tissue or bronchoalveolar lavage. Concomitant cytomegalovirus infection occurred in four patients. All patients who developed HSV pneumonia did so within the first two postoperative months; in four patients following augmented immunosuppression. We now suggest that HLT recipients who are HSV antibody-positive should receive prophylactic acyclovir for the first two months after surgery and at times of augmented immunosuppression.
 ...
PMID:Herpes simplex virus infection in heart-lung transplant recipients. 232 68

Major advances have been made in the treatment of herpesvirus infections in the compromised host. Acyclovir is clearly effective in the treatment of HSV infection, and preferable to vidarabine for this purpose. Additional information about the optimal use of acyclovir for treatment or prophylaxis and about the ultimate significance of the phenomena of acyclovir resistance and possible suppression of the specific immune response are needed. The major challenge at this time is the rapid clinical or virologic diagnosis of HSV infection, especially the rarer manifestations such as HSV pneumonia or encephalitis, so that effective therapy can be initiated. The serious manifestations of VZV infection (e.g. cutaneous and visceral dissemination) can also be controlled with either vidarabine or acyclovir, although definition of the agent of choice is still lacking. More information is needed to define the relative efficacy of acyclovir compared with vidarabine, and also to define better treatment regimens for the prevention of post-herpetic neuralgia which remains a major source of morbidity. Use of either oral or topical acyclovir and anti-inflammatory agents in combined regimens is being studied. Interferon, although effective, has little present role in view of the availability of both acyclovir and vidarabine, although it is of interest as a model of an agent that can be administered to outpatients or used in synergistic regimens. The challenge for treatment of CMV is the development of an agent which is effective in vivo. Several promising agents are on the horizon, but much initial work must be done before their effectiveness will become apparent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Treatment of herpesvirus infections in the immunocompromised host. 241 73

We have investigated 12 transplant recipients (nine bone marrow transplants, three renal) with 15 episodes of pneumonitis caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) and ten patients (eight bone marrow transplant recipients, two renal transplant recipients) with 12 episodes of interstitial pneumonitis in whom no CMV was detected, to determine whether levels of CMV-specific IgG in the lung are diagnostic of infection. We have also assessed whether a vigorous specific local antibody response is important for survival. CMV-specific IgG and herpes simplex (HSV)-specific IgG were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and serum using albumin to correct for simple diffusion from serum into the lung. We have found evidence for local production or facilitated transport of CMV-specific IgG in ten patients with CMV pneumonitis but also in six patients with pneumonitis where no CMV was detected. Similar results were found for HSV-specific IgG although only one patient had a demonstrable HSV infection. There was a tendency for those patients producing large amounts of immunoglobulin in the lung to survive compared with those who died, but there were wide variations between patients in each group. The local humoral immune response in transplant patients with pneumonitis was not specific to the infecting agent and is most probably the result of polyclonal B cell activation or facilitated transport of IgG from serum to lung secretions. Measurement of CMV-specific IgG response in the lung should not, therefore, be used for diagnostic or prognostic purposes.
 ...
PMID:Is the measurement of virus-specific antibody in the lungs of transplant recipients with cytomegalovirus pneumonitis of diagnostic or prognostic value? 284 78

We have reported six adult patients with HSV infection of the lower respiratory tract diagnosed ante-mortem, and have reviewed the literature on this subject. An attempt has been made to define the natural history of the infection, and suggestions have been made regarding diagnosis and treatment. HSV can infect the lower respiratory tract in immunologically normal patients, as well as the immunocompromised host. Many patients have been burned, or intubated, or have other reasons for squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium. The pathogenesis in many cases is an extension or aspiration of oropharyngeal HSV, but there is a suggestion that some cases may be hematogenously spread. The diagnosis of the site and presence of HSV infection should be based initially on cytologic findings, histologic findings, or both. Viral cultures or immunofluorescent or immunoperoxidase labeling can be used to confirm the cytologic and histologic diagnoses. Bronchoscopy is valuable for visualizing ulcerations or membranes in the respiratory tract, and for improving the sensitivity and specificity of the cytologic diagnosis. Because the process is most often focused in the tracheobronchial tree, percutaneous needle biopsy and open lung biopsy may be less sensitive than bronchoscopy. Standard serologic tests are, in general, not helpful diagnostically. They can help verify that a recent HSV infection has occurred, but do not differentiate between primary and recurrent infection, and do not help in localizing the site of infection. However, paired complement fixation or neutralizing antibody titers may be useful prognostically. If the titers do not rise in the presence of a documented HSV lower respiratory tract infection, the outcome is more likely to be fatal. The respiratory epithelium from the oral mucosa to the alveoli can be infected with HSV. The manifestations can range from a few scattered ulcers in the trachea to a severe ulcerative process resulting in an obstructing, inflammatory tracheobronchial membrane. Focal or diffuse pneumonia can also occur. No specific treatment for the illness can be recommended at this time. There is no evidence that currently available antiviral therapy is effective. The outcome of the illness seems to be largely dependent on the immunologic status of the host, complicating superinfections, and the progression of the underlying disease.
 ...
PMID:Herpes simplex virus infection of the adult lower respiratory tract. 635 56

This report describes a case of probable herpes simplex virus (HSV) pneumonia in a neonate with no other localized signs of HSV infection. A 37-week-old infant became ill on the fourth day of life and died 6 days later of overwhelming pneumonia and ensuing complications. After the infant's death, viral cultures from the trachea, nasopharynx, and gastric aspirate grew herpes simplex virus. The mother had no history or signs of HSV infection at delivery. She developed a postpartum fever, and 8 days later herpetic lesions were noticed on the vulva and buttocks. The source of this infant's infection was most likely the maternal birth canal. Nosocomial acquisition could not be ruled out, but no history of HSV infection was found in either involved hospital personnel or in 38 infants defined to be at risk for nosocomial acquisition of the disease. Neonatal HSV can present as a rapidly progressive pneumonia without other clues to etiology.
 ...
PMID:Neonatal herpes simplex virus death manifested as rapidly progressive pneumonia. 672 89

The cellular immunoincompetence which follows bone marrow transplantation (BMT) allows both primary and reactivation infection with herpes viruses. We report the overall incidence and timing of varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections after BMT, including the clinical course, complications and associated clinical risk features. Of 1186 patients undergoing BMT through 1989, 216 patients developed VZV infection between 4 days and 10.8 years after BMT; 86% of them within the first 18 months. Of all patients transplanted, 15 +/- 3% by 6 months and 52 +/- 14% by 5 years had developed VZV infection. Dermatomal zoster represented 62% of the infections, while 32% had complicated VZV infection--CNS, disseminated or visceral zoster. All serious infections occurred within 7 months of BMT but only two patients died, both from VZV pneumonitis. Allogeneic and autologous recipients had a similar incidence of VZV infection. VZV seropositive patients had more frequent, earlier and often more complicated or disseminated infections. Age > or = 10 years and radiation in the pre-transplant conditioning were significantly and independently associated with higher rates of VZV infection within a multivariate regression model. Using this model, we could define clinical risk groups with distinctly different hazards of VZV infection: age > 10 years, radiation pre-BMT and VZV seropositive patients had a 44% incidence by 3 years versus age < 10 years, no radiation and VZV seronegative had a 0% incidence by 3 years. Acyclovir assigned for prophylaxis of CMV or HSV infection had no effect on the timing or incidence of VZV infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Varicella zoster infection after bone marrow transplantation: incidence, risk factors and complications. 819 70

In this study we aimed to determine the incidence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in the lungs of burns patients, and its association with the presence of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pneumonia. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for HSV was performed on lung tissue from 54 patients who had died following burn injury and from nine control cases. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HSV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was performed on a subset both of burns cases and controls. No viral inclusions were detected in H&E sections, but 50% of the burns cases were positive for HSV by IHC staining; no control cases were positive. Nuclear and cytoplasmic immunopositivity for HSV was seen in macrophages and epithelial lining cells. HSV was strongly associated with ARDS (p=0.007), but not with pneumonia (p=0.577). The relative risk of HSV infection was higher for cases with ARDS (2.21) than for those with pneumonia (1.26). PCR for HSV DNA was positive in three out of five burns cases, and in one out of five control cases. Immunohistochemical staining is more sensitive for the detection of herpes simplex virus than haematoxylin and eosin staining for detection of viral inclusions. Burns cases have a high incidence of pulmonary herpes simplex virus infection. Polymerase chain reaction results may not be fully representative due to problems of tissue necrosis postmortem. Pulmonary herpes simplex virus is strongly associated with adult respiratory distress syndrome and the two may be causally linked. Early detection and treatment of pulmonary herpes simplex virus in burns patients may reduce pulmonary complications and mortality.
 ...
PMID:Pulmonary herpes simplex in burns patients. 894 77

Management of the increasing frequency of aciclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections among immunocompromised human immunodeficiency virus-infected people demands additional treatment options. We report the case of a 38-year-old patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome who suffered from a perianal butterfly ulcer, which was HSV-2 positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The ulcer appeared during treatment of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonitis with ganciclovir. Despite additional valaciclovir therapy the lesion gradually progressed in size. Investigations including histology, PCR analysis and in situ hybridization of a biopsy from the growing ulcer margin confirmed the presence of HSV-2 infection. Importantly, HSV isolates from this specimen were resistant to aciclovir. Based on a report about the successful treatment of aciclovir-resistant HSV infection with cidofovir, our patient received this drug intravenously at a dose of 5 mg kg-1 body weight once weekly for a total of 3 weeks. Concomitant oral probenecid and prehydration were administered to minimize nephrotoxicity. Within 30 days of treatment the ulcer had almost (> 95%) completely healed. We conclude that cidofovir is a potent antiviral drug with a potential usefulness in the treatment of aciclovir-resistant HSV-2 infection. It deserves further investigation in clinical trials.
 ...
PMID:Successful treatment of an aciclovir-resistant herpes simplex type 2 infection with cidofovir in an AIDS patient. 1210 Jan 96

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes tracheobronchitis and pneumonitis; however, to date, there has only been one report of an endobronchial mass caused by HSV type II. This case study describes a 68-yr-old female with severe kyphoscoliosis who was intubated for acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure and developed blood-tinged endotracheal secretions. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy demonstrated an endobronchial mass in the right middle lobe. Cultures grew HSV type I and biopsy specimens demonstrated cytopathological changes consistent with HSV infection. This is the first reported case of HSV type I presenting as an endobronchial tumour.
 ...
PMID:Endobronchial pseudo-tumour caused by herpes simplex. 1592 68

Disseminated herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection usually manifests in the immunocompromised. However, anecdotal examples of visceral HSV disease and viremia have complicated type I diabetes. A case of a 53-year-old type I diabetic patient with bowel obstruction one week subsequent to bronchitis is reported. At laparotomy, a perforated segment of ileum was associated with an adhesive peritoneal band. HSV cytopathic atypia and HSV immunohistochemical staining were confined to fibrocytes and mesothelial cells without involvement of the epithelium. Dissemination of symptomatic HSV pneumonia was verified by histology, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, polymerase chain reaction and direct fluorescence antibody. Intravenous acyclovir resolved symptoms. This is a novel documentation of HSV complicating ileal adhesive band disease. Furthermore, this case indicates that the HSV cytopathic effect is not unique to the epithelium. Disseminated infection can manifest in myofibrocytes and mesothelium, distinguishing it from standard epithelial atypia of localized HSV infection.
 ...
PMID:Herpes simplex virus type II infection of ileum mesothelium: a case report and review of the literature. 1599 70


1 2 Next >>