Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Aggregatibacter actinomycemcomitans, previously named Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), is a facultative Gram-negative slow-growing coccobacillus associated with severe oral and nonoral infections. It is a member of the HACEK group. Pulmonary infection caused by Aa is rare. We describe two cases of Aa pneumonia mimicking malignancy and review published pediatric cases.
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PMID:Aggregatibacter actinomycemcomitans pneumonia in children: two case reports and a review of the literature. 2506 88

Cladophialophora bantiana, a dematiaceous fungus from the family Phaeohyphomycetes, is highly neurotropic and primarily reported as a rare cause of brain abscess. Pulmonary infection and disease outside the central nervous system is extremely rare, particularly in immunocompetent patients. We report an unusual case of disseminated cladosporiosis in a young man with a new diagnosis of prediabetes but no other identifiable risk factors for disease. Fungal cultures were positive for C. bantiana from brain abscess aspiration, vertebral bone cultures and subcarinal lymph node biopsy. Although the patient demonstrated initial good response to surgical debridement of brain abscesses plus antifungal therapy, he eventually expired from septic shock secondary to C. bantiana pneumonia and recurrent brain abscesses 2 years after initial diagnosis.
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PMID:Disseminated Cladophialophora bantiana disease in a patient with prediabetes. 2539 15

Infections by Listeria monocytogenes typically occur in infants, the elderly, pregnant women, and immunosuppressed subjects. Pulmonary infections in adults are extremely uncommon and only few reports can be found in the literature. We here report a case of Listeria pneumonia in an 85-year-old female patient and we discuss our diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Despite being rare and in most cases difficult to be identified, Listeria pneumonia should always be considered in immunosuppressed patients, presenting with fever and symptoms from the lower respiratory system.
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PMID:Pneumonia by Listeria monocytogenes: A Common Infection by an Uncommon Pathogen. 2580 74

Respiratory tract infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of hospital—acquired pneumonia in immune—compromised individuals. Lung infection with P. aeruginosa is often associated with production of various inflammatory cytokines including IL—1β. Production of IL—1β requires proteolytic cleavage by a multiprotein complex termed inflammasome. AIM2 inflammasome recognizes foreign cytosolic double stranded DNA. A role of AIM2 in P. aeruginosa infection has not been reported previously. In this study, we found that P. aeruginosa infection induced degradation of AIM2 protein in macrophages and induction of AIM2 mRNA expression in macrophages and in the lung of mice. Interestingly, P. aeruginosa infection induced a similar level of IL—1β, IL—6 and TNF production in wild—type and AIM2—deficient mice. Similarly, no significant differences in bacterial clearance, neutrophil infiltration and NF—κB activation were observed between wild—type and AIM2—deficient mice following P. aeruginosa lung infection. Our data suggest that AIM2 inflammasome is dispensable for the host defense against P. aeruginosa infection.
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PMID:AIM2 inflammasome is dispensable for the host defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. 2610 2

Pulmonary infections involving Pseudomonas aeruginosa are among the leading causes of the deterioration of the respiratory status of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains in such populations, favored by iterative antibiotic cures, has led to the urgent need for new therapies. Among them, bacteriophage-based therapies deserve a focus. One century of empiric use in the ex-USSR countries suggests that bacteriophages may have beneficial effects against a large range of bacterial infections. Interest in bacteriophages has recently renewed in Western countries, and the in vitro data available suggest that bacteriophage-based therapy may be of significant interest for the treatment of pulmonary infections in CF patients. Although the clinical data concerning this specific population are relatively scarce, the beginning of the first large randomized study evaluating bacteriophage-based therapy in burn infections suggests that the time has come to assess the effectiveness of this new therapy in CF P. aeruginosa pneumonia. Consequently, the aim of this review is, after a brief history, to summarize the evidence concerning bacteriophage efficacy against P. aeruginosa and, more specifically, the in vitro studies, animal models, and clinical trials targeting CF.
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PMID:Bacteriophage-based therapy in cystic fibrosis-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: rationale and current status. 2621 62

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are likely to develop many types of infections, which affect the transport of glucose into tissues. Diabetes increases the susceptibility to different kinds of respiratory infections, is often identified as an independent risk factor for developing lower respiratory tract infections. Pulmonary infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, gram-negative bacteria and fungi may occur with an increased frequency, whereas infections due to Streptococcus pneumonia or influenza virus may be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. During lung infection, there are changes in the local and ciliary epithelial lining. Increased susceptibility to pneumococcal infection by people with diabetes is the result of reduced defense capability of antibodies to protein antigens. The relationship between diabetes and pulmonary tuberculosis is well known, and the incidence of tuberculosis in diabetic individuals is 4-5 times greater than among the non-diabetic population. It is thought that malfunction of monocytes in patients with diabetes may contribute to the increased susceptibility to tuberculosis and/or a worse prognosis. Hospitalization of patients with diabetes due to influenza virus or flu-like infections is up to 6 times more likely to occur compared to healthy individuals, also diabetic patients are more likely to be hospitalized due to infection complications. Immunization with influenza and anti-pneumococcal vaccines is recommended to reduce hospitalizations, deaths, and medical expenses. Diabetes, especially the uncontrolled one, predisposes to fungal infection, the most common candidiasis and mucormycosis.
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PMID:The etiology of lower respiratory tract infections in people with diabetes. 2637 4

BACKGROUND Pulmonary infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and can progress rapidly to respiratory failure and death without appropriate therapy. Herein, we present a rare case of an advanced HIV infection and Rhodoccocus equi (R. equi) pneumonia in a young male who had severe paradoxical immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). CASE REPORT A 47-year-old nonsmoking Hispanic man with advanced HIV infection presented with severe acute necrotizing pneumonia secondary to R. equi. Although his initial response to antimicrobial therapy was optimal, he became symptomatic again in spite of continuation of antibiotics as he developed severe paradoxical IRIS 3 weeks after starting a new highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of IRIS remains challenging because of the wide variations in the clinical presentation and etiologies. In spite of its rarity as an opportunistic pathogen, we recommend that R. equi, an intracellular pathogen, be included in the differential list of pathogens associated with IRIS.
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PMID:Rhodoccocus Equi Pneumonia and Paradoxical Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in a Patient with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). 2810 Sep 3

Pulmonary infections are common and caused by a wide range of viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi. They consist of lower respiratory tract infections with community and hospital acquired acute pneumonia, bronchitis, lung abscess, fungal infections and tuberculosis. The management of these infections should be based on guidelines that take into account the microorganisms most frequently involved as a basis for empirical treatment, with identification of causative microorganisms allowing targeted treatments. The patient's immune status, physiological changes leading to changes in pharmacokinetics, and the characteristics of drugs may result in a microbiological and/or clinical failure when using standard doses. Knowledge of these elements is essential for optimal management. The goal of therapeutic drug monitoring is to use drug concentrations and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic objectives to manage a patient's medication regimen, optimize outcome and prevent resistance or toxicity. To make the best use of the resources, it is not possible to carry out systematic therapeutic drug monitoring. We need to define drugs and patients where there is most likely to be benefit from therapeutic drug monitoring. This must be a part of a comprehensive approach to patient care.
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PMID:[Role of therapeutic drug monitoring in pulmonary infections]. 2852 8

Lung infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality, even in the current antiretroviral therapy era. Pneumonia is the most common cause of admission in HIV-positive individuals in our centre as reported in a previously published study. The objective of this retrospective observational study was to further characterize these admissions, with respect to index of disease severity at presentation, organisms identified, and investigations pursued including bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). There were 123 unique patients accounting for a total of 209 admissions from 2005 to 2015. An organism was isolated in only 33% of all admissions (68/209). The most common organism was Pneumocystis jirovecii with a frequency of 29% of all admissions. Eighty-seven percent of presentations were mild, and 13% were moderate by CURB-65 criteria. A total of 39 BALs were performed, of which 27 yielded an organism (69%). Considering the burden of disease, low diagnostic yield of the current diagnostic strategy and increased morbidity and mortality caused by pneumonia in HIV-positive individuals, further methods are needed to more accurately target therapy. The preponderance of mild disease in this study suggests that better diagnostic tests may identify individuals that can be candidates for outpatient therapy.
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PMID:Characteristics of hospital admissions for pneumonia in HIV-positive individuals in Winnipeg, Manitoba: a cross-sectional retrospective analysis. 2866 Dec 31

Pulmonary infections in the returned traveller are a common presentation. A wide variety of infections may present with pulmonary symptoms. It is important for clinicians to differentiate the cause of these symptoms. The risk of contracting certain travel-related pulmonary diseases depends on travel destination, length of stay, activities undertaken and co-morbidities. Some pathogens are found worldwide, whilst others are related to specific locations. This review article will discuss the approach to diagnosing and treating pulmonary infections in the returned traveller.
Pneumonia (Nathan) 2017
PMID:Pulmonary infections in the returned traveller. 2870 3


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