Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Group B streptococcus is a possible cause of chorioamnionitis, endometritis and urinary tract infections in pregnant woman. Maternal risk factors and the vertical transmission of GBS and neonatal GBS infection occur through the following fever during labor, the rupturing of membranes more than 18 hours before delivery, prematurity and chorioamnionitis. GBS can induce early-onset neonatal disease (sepsis, meningitis or pneumonia) during the first week of life and late-onset neonatal infection (leptomeningitis) within the first 12 weeks of life. Numerous strategies for preventing neonatal group B streptococcal infection were investigated: 1) the treatment of GBS-colonized women during the third trimester of pregnancy did not prove to be effective because it does not reduce maternal colonizzation rates at delivery; 2) the neonatal universal post-partum prophylaxis with penicillin G was ineffective and increased neonatal mortality due to penicillin-resistant bacterial infection; 3) the intrapartum maternal chemoprophylaxis with penicillin G or ampicillin in GBS-colonized women, in women with risk factors, or in women with both GBS colonization and risk factors. The latter strategy proved to be the most effective because it reduces the risk of early-onset GBS infection by 75% and 95% when associated with post-neonatal prophylaxis. To date, there are no guidelines on the management of the asymptomatic neonate whose mothers have been treated with chemopropylaxis intra-partum.
 ...
PMID:[Prophylaxis of group B beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections]. 1142 3

Maintenance of adequate ventilation under anaesthesia can be difficult during identification and ligation of congenital tracheo-oesophageal fistula with repair of oesophageal atresia. Anaesthesia may also be complicated by problems associated with prematurity, pre-existing aspiration pneumonitis, and difficulty positioning the endotracheal tube to prevent inflation of the stomach with increased risk of aspiration and diaphragmatic splinting. Even intubation of the fistula and gastric rupture may occur. Two neonatal cases are presented where use of a 2.2 mm neonatal bronchoscope passed through a 3.0 mm ID tracheal tube facilitated surgical identification of the fistula, diagnosis of fistula intubation and other airway problems intraoperatively.
 ...
PMID:Intraoperative fibreoptic bronchoscopy during neonatal tracheo-oesophageal fistula ligation and oesophageal atresia repair. 1143 2

A case-control study was undertaken in Basrah Maternity and Children Hospital, Iraq. We studied 148 children who were admitted to hospital with severe pneumonia according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and the controls were 250 children attending the out-patient department for non-severe respiratory infections. Significant risk factors were younger age (2-6 months), low parental education, smoking at home, prematurity, weaning from breast milk at < 6 months, a negative history of diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus vaccination, anaemia and malnutrition.
 ...
PMID:Risk factors for severe pneumonia in children in Basrah. 1144 32

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory disease in young children in both developing and developed countries. By age 2, nearly all children have been infected by RSV.The clinical manifestations range from mild upper respiratory symptoms to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. First infections are nearly always symptomatic and frequently cause lower respiratory tract disease, whereas subsequent infections are generally milder. Although children with underlying conditions such as prematurity, chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, and immuno-suppression are at high risk for severe disease, many children without underlying conditions require hospitalization. Treatment is supportive. Immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab or RSV immune globulin may benefit children born prematurely, especially those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. To date, the development of an effective vaccine has been unsuccessful.
 ...
PMID:Respiratory syncytial virus infections in children. 1189 15

Early extubation of ELBW and VLBW premature infants treated with IMV results in decreased incidence of tracheal and laryngeal injury, lowers the risk of nosocomial infection, decreases the severity and frequency of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Due to prematurity this group of patients is especially susceptible to extubation failure because of apnoe, hypoventilation and atelectasis. In clinical practice attempt was made to provide adequate noninvasive ventilation by the use of nasal intermittent mandatory ventilation in the case of apnoe of prematurity. Advantages of noninvasive nasal IMV oppose the risk of stomach distension and regurgitation due to high tension of pylorus combined with inadequate cardia tension. The aim of study was the evaluation of noninvasive nasal IMV effectiveness along with a risk of abdominal distension caused by air trapping. 32 patients were examined during one year of studies. In all but one the use of nasal intermittent mandatory ventilation resulted in decreased incidence of apnoe of prematurity. Satisfactory levels of SaO2 and pCO2 were achieved without endotracheal tube placement, avoiding the risks of nosocomial pneumonia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
 ...
PMID:[Non-invasive mandatory ventilation in extremely low birth weight and very low birth weight newborns with failed respiration]. 1210 75

This article presents interim findings of a field study in Cape Town, South Africa, to identify specific environmental health (EH) problems, to describe the local decision-making process in EH, and to field test a proposed set of Environmental Health Indicators (EHIs). Research methods included a literature review, in-depth interviews, focus groups, and workshops. Findings were hampered by the lack of accurate population estimates for Cape Town and the paucity of data on morbidity. Findings indicate that the infant mortality rate was 20.76/1000 live births in 1993; 13.8/1000 for Whites and 33.9/1000 for Blacks. The main causes were prematurity, ill-defined causes, diarrhea and enteritis, congenital abnormalities, and pneumonia. Major adult causes were malignancies, ill-defined causes, heart disease, homicides, and respiratory conditions. The largest causes of death for people aged 15-44 years were homicides and motor vehicle accidents. Health services are in the process of restructuring. Data on environmental conditions is weak at the district or suburb level. Environmental data for this field study were derived from ad hoc surveys of environmental conditions in Western Cape Province, South Africa. Access to basic facilities such as water, sanitation, housing, refuse disposal, and electricity, varied by race. Existing EH data are not related to program objectives and management or planning needs, and do not include baseline data. Quality of data is not monitored. EH services should focus on the basics and poverty problems and should be reformed.
 ...
PMID:Improving decision making for environmental health in Cape Town -- the HEADLAMP field study. Summary of interim findings and future directions. 1217 79

The study aimed at obtaining insights into the processes underlying infant deaths to help identify preventive interventions which may bring down infant mortality rates further. Verbal autopsies were performed on 162 deaths of liveborn infants that occurred in a birth cohort in two urban slums of Delhi, India, between February 1995 and August 1996. A structured verbal autopsy form was used for ascertaining the cause of death. The narratives of caretakers on seeking of care and treatment received for illness were reviewed to identify the actions and behaviours that might have contributed to death. Seeking of care was less common (57%) for illnesses that led to death in the first week of life than at later ages. The first-week deaths commonly (61%) occurred within 24 hours of recognition of illness which might have been too a short time for effective interventions by care providers. Only six of 45 neonates who had features of sepsis, pneumonia or meningitis, major congenital malformations, birth asphyxia, or prematurity were advised by primary care providers for hospitalization. Similarly, only 25 (41%) of 61 older infants who had severe malnutrition and sepsis or meningitis, diarrhoea or pneumonia, or other illnesses were referred to hospital. Parenteral antibiotics were prescribed less often than warranted. Only two of 16 neonates with serious bacterial infections and eight of 19 postneonates with features of sepsis or meningitis received parenteral antibiotics. Inappropriate healthcare practices were common among the practitioners of modern and indigenous systems of medicine and registered medical practitioners. Forty percent of the neonates and a little over half of the older infants, advised for hospitalization, were taken to hospital. Fifteen percent of the infants taken to hospital were refused admission. Of 21 hospitalized infants discharged alive, five (23%) died within 48 hours and 13 (62%) within a week of returning home. A major effort is required to improve skills of healthcare providers of the biomedical and indigenous systems of medicine in caring for neonates and infants. Development of home-based treatment regimens for young infants and objective criteria for their hospitalization and discharge should receive a high priority.
 ...
PMID:Pathways to infant mortality in urban slums of Delhi, India: implications for improving the quality of community- and hospital-based programmes. 1218 95

Because of concern with rapid population growth and resource limitations in its island nation, the government of Mauritius several years ago adopted a family planning program whose objective was to slow the crude reproduction rate from 2.9 in 1962 to 1.1 between 1980-87. The Mauritian Family Planning Association had met considerable opposition, especially from religious groups, in the years following its formation in 1957, and a Catholic group, Family Action, had been formed to promote methods acceptable to the Church. In 1965 the government began to subsidize the Mauritian Family Planning Association. As recently as 1977 the maternal mortality rate in Mauritius was 1.6/1000, 15 times higher than in Europe or the US. 23 of each 38 deaths were believed due to complications of clandestine abortion, and hospitalization rates for abortion complications were also high. Maternal mortality following live births at home was estimated at 2.7/1000, compared to 1.3 for hospital births. The government announced the goal of reducing infant mortality from 45/1000 live births in 1977 to 40/1000 by 1982-87. Important causes of perinatal mortality were prematurity, intestinal infection, diarrhea, and pneumonia. The World Bank sent 2 missions to advise the government on organization of a family planning program in 1967, and in 1970 an accord was signed with the United Nations Fund for Population Activities for family planning assistance. In 1974, family planning services were integrated into the Maternal-Child Health Division of the Ministry of Health. A variety of contraceptive means were to be offered. Family planning personnel include physicians, clinic assistants, nurses, midwives, promoters, and fieldworkers. Family planning supervisors are responsible for fieldworkers, promoters, and clinic assistants in specified geographic areas. In 1978, there were 71 maternal-child health/family planning centers, 42 contraceptive distribution centers, and 14 family planning clinics, in addition to clinics and hospitals outside the national program. A communication committee was formed in 1978 to coordinate the communication activities of the Family Planning Association, Family Action, and the government program. IEC programs are addressed to adults and to youth in schools, who may receive instruction at primary of secondary level by any of the 3 programs on population, family life, and sex education. A 1975 survey indicated that 88% of the women interviewed knew about the pill, 44% the IUD, 52% the Ogino method, and 50% the condom. 1161 of the 1821 married women interviewed stated they had never used contraception and 833 were currently using some method. The total fertility rate declined from 5.9 in 1962 to 3.3 in 1972 and 3.1 in 1978. From 1980 to 1981 the crude birthrate declined from 27.9 to 25.1/1000 and the crude mortality rate from 7.2 to 6.9/1000.
 ...
PMID:[Family planning program on the island of Mauritius]. 1226 21

Public health and social policies at the population level (e.g., oral rehydration therapy and immunization) are responsible for the major reduction in infant mortality worldwide. The gap in infant mortality rates between developing and developed regions is much less than that in maternal mortality rates. This indicates that maternal and child health (MCH) programs and women's health care should be combined. Since 1950, 66% of infant deaths occur in the 1st 28 days, indicating adverse prenatal and intrapartum events (e.g., congenital malformation and birth injuries). Infection, especially pneumonia and diarrhea, and low birth weight are the major causes of infant mortality worldwide. An estimated US$25 billion are needed to secure the resources to control major childhood diseases, reduce malnutrition 50%, reduce child deaths by 4 million/year, provide potable water and sanitation to all communities, provide basic education, and make family planning available to all. This cost for saving children's lives is lower than current expenditures for cigarettes (US$50 billion in Europe/year). Vitamin A supplementation, breast feeding, and prenatal diagnosis of congenital malformations are low-cost strategies that can significantly affect infant well-being and reduce child mortality in many developing countries. The US has a higher infant mortality rate than have other developed countries. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the US National Institutes of Health are focusing on prematurity, low birth weight, multiple pregnancy, violence, alcohol abuse, and poverty to reduce infant mortality. Obstetricians should be important members of MCH teams, which also include traditional birth attendants, community health workers, nurses, midwives, and medical officers. We have the financial resources to allocate resources to improve MCH care and to reduce infant mortality.
 ...
PMID:Reducing infant mortality. 1228 45

A prospective study on infant mortality was conducted in the field practice area of Rural Health Training Center (RHTC), Jawan, Aligarh. A sample of 1792 registered families in 9 villages under RHTC with a population of 12,118 were selected. The household survey was done in March 1989 by a questionnaire on type and composition of family, socioeconomic status, family environment, age, parity, and interval between the births. All live births and infant deaths in these villages during the period of April 1989 to March 1990 were considered. There were 416 births in the study year, giving a birth rate of 34.02/1000 mid-year population. Male and female births were 52.8% and 47.12%, respectively. 33 infants died during the period, giving an infant mortality rate of 79.32/1000 live births. Infant deaths equalled 39.4% for males and 60.6% for females. Neonatal and postneonatal deaths made up 63.6% and 36.4%, respectively. 33.3% of the neonatal deaths occurred in the first 24 hours, 23.8% in the next 6 days, and 42.9% beyond this period. The mortality risk was high in 5th and higher parity births and lowest in 2nd to 4th parity births. Diarrhea (21.2%), pneumonia (18.18%), tetanus (15.15%), prematurity (9.1%), and unqualified fever (9.1%) constituted main causes of infant death. Pneumonia and prematurity were responsible for more than 70% of infant deaths. In the 2nd to 4th parity groups, diarrhea and tetanus were the main causes. Deaths during the first 24 hours were mainly caused by birth injury, while, during the next 6 days, pneumonia and tetanus were the leading causes. Beyond this period, in addition to the above causes, diarrhea played a major role. In the postnatal period, diarrhea, pneumonia, and malnutrition were the main causes. To reduce infant mortality further, training of health workers, strengthening of delivery systems, maximum utilization of existing health infrastructure, environmental hygiene and health education regarding oral rehydration, and control of respiratory infection are needed.
 ...
PMID:Certain aspects of infant mortality -- a prospective study in a rural community. 1228 17


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>