Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lymphocyte subpopulations, total T cells, T helper and T suppressor subpopulations as identified by monoclonal antibody and functional assays of suppressor cells using concanavalin A (Con A) were studied in 20 measles patients and compared to matched controls. Results were also related to severity of disease. Mononuclear cell (MNC) pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulation was also assessed. Severity of measles was assessed by lymphopenia, serum antibody and C3 levels and extent of pneumonia. T lymphopenia in patients was due to a decrease in OKT4+ cells and OKT8+ cells as compared to controls with the former being more severely affected. Patients with severe measles had a more profound reduction in both subsets (OKT4+ 356 +/- 65 cells/microliters mean +/- SEM; OKT8+ 466 +/- 41 cells/microliter) than those with mild disease (975 +/- 199 cells/microliters; 1,473 +/- 242 cells/microliters; p = 0.0432; 0.0038 respectively). Patients with severe depletion of OKT4+ cells had raised levels of C3 (an index of poor prognosis). Suppressor cell activity was unaffected by measles. MNC PWM stimulation was lower in patients than controls. No correlation was detected between numerical and functional assays of suppression although there was a significant correlation between PWM stimulation and OKT4+ cell numbers in the control group (p = 0.0407).
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PMID:T helper cell defect related to severity in measles. 295 70

Six patients with hypoxic respiratory failure (arterial PO2/alveolar PO2 less than 0.50) resulting from active tuberculosis were evaluated to assess the impact of respiratory failure on the diagnosis of the underlying tuberculosis. All patients demonstrated anemia (hematocrit [mean +/- SEM], 0.29 +/- 0.01 [29.0% +/- 1.0%]) and hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin, 22 +/- 2 g/L [2.2 +/- 0.2 g/dL]) and noted an illness longer than one week. Findings on chest roentgenograms varied from a miliary pattern, misinterpreted as congestive heart failure, to cavitary and noncavitary alveolar infiltrates, misdiagnosed as bacterial pneumonia. Tuberculosis was not considered as a diagnostic possibility on admission in any patient. The mean time from admission until consideration of tuberculosis was 4.7 +/- 1.0 days and the time to diagnosis was 7.2 +/- 1.7 days. In contrast, tuberculosis was considered on admission in 12 patients presenting with undiagnosed active tuberculosis without respiratory failure. We conclude that respiratory failure delays the diagnosis of active tuberculosis by suggesting nontuberculous pneumonia.
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PMID:The impact of respiratory failure on the diagnosis of tuberculosis. 313

The changes in serum triglycerides, cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were followed in patients with pneumonia caused by different bacteria or viruses as well as in those with no defined aetiology. In the acute phase of the disease there was: 1) a fall in serum triglycerides in patients with bacteremic pneumococcal disease and in patients with no defined aetiology (p less than 0.01 and less than 0.005, respectively). 2) a reduction in cholesterol in all aetiological groups (p less than 0.001) except for those with viral pneumonias, where only 4 patients were studied, and 3) a fall in HDL cholesterol in all the groups (at least at p less than 0.05) except in those with virus infection. 4) In bacteraemic pneumococcal disease the cholesterol level (mean 2.6, SEM 0.3 mmol/l) was lower than that in the other groups (at least at p less than 0.05). In the acute phase there was a tendency to a negative correlation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and of C-reactive protein with serum cholesterol and/or HDL cholesterol. Changes in serum lipids in various infections deserve further pathophysiological investigation.
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PMID:Serum lipids in pneumonia of different aetiology. 319 82

The relationship between the cyclosporine A (CSA) dose and rejection of varying lengths of small-bowel grafts was studied in a rat heterotopic microsurgical small-bowel transplantation model involving a haploidentical strain combination. When Lewis X Brown Norway F1 hybrid (LBN) small-bowel grafts were transplanted into Lewis (LEW) rats without CSA, all grafts in the proximal 10 cm, the proximal 40 cm, and the entire (approximately 80 cm) small bowel were rejected on days (mean +/- SEM) 6.6 +/- 0.2 (n = 11), 7.0 +/- 0.4 (n = 6), and 7.8 +/- 0.7 (n = 6), respectively. A 10-day course (days 0-9) of CSA 2 mg/kg significantly (p less than 0.05) prolonged the survival of the proximal 10 cm, the proximal 40 cm, and the entire small bowel allografts to days 18.8 +/- 1.7 (n = 5), 16.5 +2- 1.3 (n = 6), and 13.5 +/- 1.0 (n = 4), respectively. Similarly, the CSA 5 mg/kg regimen significantly (p less than 0.05) delayed the rejection of the 10 cm, the 40 cm, and the 80 cm small-bowel grafts to days 50.2 +/- 7.2 (n = 6), 47.7 +/- 2.6 (n = 3), and 40.3 +/- 5.8 (n = 3), respectively. However, 6 of 12 rats treated with CSA 5 mg/kg died of pneumonia, and these animals were all in groups with the 40 cm and 80 cm grafts. When these animals were included in calculations of rejection-free survival, the averages for the 40 and 80 cm groups treated with CSA 5 mg/kg were 34.2 +/- 6.4 and 28.7 +/- 6.1 days, respectively. CSA suppressed rejection of small-bowel allografts in a dose-related fashion. More important, significantly (p less than 0.05) lower doses of CSA were necessary for rats that received shorter intestinal grafts. In fact, the relationship between rejection and CSA dose in the 10 cm grafts was characterized by the formula: day of rejection = 9.3 [CSA dose]1.03. We conclude that the ideal small intestinal graft should be the smallest possible segment that maintains adequate nutrition and CSA doses should be matched for segment lengths.
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PMID:The effects of cyclosporine on varying segments of small-bowel grafts in the rat. 326 Apr 10

This is a retrospective analysis of marrow function in 171 recipients of an HLA-matched bone marrow transplant (BMT). Only patients with detectable hemopoiesis as indicated by leukocyte counts greater than 1.0 x 10(9)/l and platelet counts greater than 25 x 10(9)/l who were alive on day 30 were entered in the study. Poor marrow function was detected in 24 (14%) patients as indicated by a decrease in the peripheral blood counts to less than 40% of the maximal preceding values post-transplant in association with reduced marrow cellularity. Leukopenia (n = 4), thrombocytopenia (n = 3) or a combination of the two (n = 17) occurred 62 +/- 23 (SEM) days post-transplant and was associated with acute graft-versus-host disease (AGVHD) grade II or more and infection (n = 19) in the absence of clear rejection or persistence/recurrence of malignant disease. A multivariate analysis showed that AGVHD was the major risk factor (p = 0.001) for developing poor graft function. In the 24 patients with poor graft function, hemopoietic recovery was strongly associated with resolution of AGVHD and of infections. Their survival (27%) was the same as survival for other patients matched for GVHD who had no pancytopenia. The causes of death were GVHD (n = 13), pneumonia (n = 3) and infections (n = 1). This study draws attention to a particular type of poor graft function following allogeneic BMT that is characterized by (1) normal timing and quality of engraftment, (2) AGVHD of grade II or greater, (3) progressive and severe pancytopenia, and (4) multiple infections with poor clinical condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Poor graft function associated with graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic marrow transplantation. 333 76

Pulmonary complications remain the most important cause of postoperative morbidity and mortality. The many advances of modern surgical care over the last 30 years have not appreciably altered the incidence of these complications. Many risk factors have been shown to contribute to this problem, but no studies have examined the impact of preoperative protein depletion on respiratory function and related this to the development of postoperative pulmonary complications. 80 patients (42 men, 38 women, median age of 64 years, with a range of 15-91 years) awaiting major elective gastrointestinal (G.I.) surgery were divided into two categories on the basis of a direct measurement of protein depletion: nonprotein-depleted patients (n = 41, mean protein loss, 2% +/- 1.7 SEM) and protein-depleted patients (n = 39, mean protein loss, 36% +/- 3.5 SEM). There was no significant difference between these two categories in regard to age, height, sex, surgical diagnosis, the presence of chronic lung disease, smoking, proportion of upper abdominal incisions, degree of obesity, the duration of anesthesia, and the use of prophylactic antibiotics and physiotherapy. There was a significant difference between these two categories of patients in regard to respiratory muscle strength (p less than .025), vital capacity (p less than .05), and peak expiratory flow rate (p less than .005). Pneumonia developed in a significantly higher proportion of protein-depleted patients with atelectasis (p less than .05), and their stay in the hospital after surgery was longer (p less than .05). These data show that protein depletion is associated with an impairment of respiratory function, and is in itself a significant risk factor in the development of postoperative pneumonia.
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PMID:Risk factors for postoperative pneumonia. The importance of protein depletion. 340 Oct 64

The purpose of this study was to establish the proton NMR relaxation times of collapsed but otherwise normal lung tissue and to determine whether an inflammatory process within a collapsed lung can be detected by alterations in relaxation times. The lungs of three groups of rabbits were studied: group A (n = 7) had a sterile collapse of one lung for two days. The two other groups also had one lung collapsed, but with bacterial (group B, n = 6) or chemically induced (group C; n = 6) pneumonitis superimposed. The contralateral lung, which was acutely deflated at the time of thoracotomy, served as a control in each animal. T1, T2 and the total water content were measured on freshly excised lung samples. In group A, there was no significant difference in T1 (606 +/- 14* ms vs. 595 +/- 18 ms;* = SEM) or T2 (80.6 +/- 1.7 ms vs. 78.4 +/- 2.6 ms) between the collapsed and the control lung tissue. In each animal in groups B and C, T2 was longer in the collapsed lung with superimposed pneumonitis than in the control lung tissue (group B: 116.8 +/- 6.9 ms vs. 82.9 +/- 1.8 ms, P less than .001; group C: 120.5 +/- 5.9 ms vs. 86.0 +/- 1.5 ms, P less than .001). T1 changes were similar, but less marked. There was a linear relationship between the relaxation times and the total water content of the lung samples (T1:r = 0.87; T2:r = 0.91). It is concluded that proton NMR may have a potential in detecting disease such as inflammation in collapsed lung tissue based on differences in relaxation parameters compared with normal lung areas.
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PMID:The detection of inflammation in collapsed lung by alterations in proton nuclear magnetic relaxation times. 404 90

The cellular composition and T-lymphocyte subpopulations of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from 12 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and active pneumonitis were examined. Differential cell counts were performed on BAL specimens from each patient and from 25 normal subjects. The BAL and peripheral blood (PB) lymphocytes were isolated from 8 patients and 11 subjects. Leu 4 (mature T), Leu 2 (T suppressor), and Leu 3 (T helper) markers were identified by fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibody agents and counted in an automated flow cytometer. Infectious pneumonitis caused by Pneumocystis carinii and/or cytomegalovirus and/or Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare was diagnosed in all but 1 patient. All but 2 patients demonstrated lymphocytosis in the BAL fluid; only 3 had greater than 1% neutrophils. The BAL cell differentials were not predictive of the type of pneumonitis. The Leu 3/Leu 2 ratios were (mean +/- SEM): 0.08 +/- 0.03, patients' BAL fluid; 1.55 +/- 0.21, subjects' BAL fluid; 0.18 +/- 0.06, patients' PB; 1.42 +/- 0.12, subjects' PB. The marked decrease in Leu 3/Leu 2 ratios primarily reflected severely diminished proportions of Leu 3 positive cells (3 +/- 1.3% compared with a control value of 35 +/- 4.0%), although the proportion of Leu 2 positive cells tended to be elevated as well (46 +/- 7.9% compared with a control value of 22 +/- 2.2%). Bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from patients with AIDS and these types of pneumonitis may contain increased proportions of lymphocytes. The accumulation of lymphocytes, however, does not reflect homing of helper T-lymphocytes to the site of pulmonary infection.
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PMID:Cellular and T-lymphocyte subpopulation profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and pneumonitis. 609 55

Combined high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) and intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) was used in 12 neonates with inadequate gas exchange with conventional IMV. Diagnoses included diaphragmatic hernia with hypoplastic lungs, pneumonia, persistent fetal circulation, and severe respiratory distress syndrome. In most patients there was severe air leak. Within 10 hours of beginning HFOV-IMV the mean arterial PCO2 fell from 60 +/- 5 (means +/- SEM) to 38 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.01) and the mean IMV rate was reduced from 96 +/- 8 to 17 +/- 4 breaths per minute (P less than 0.001). The mean arterial-alveolar oxygen tension ratio rose from 0.05 +/- 0.01 to 0.09 +/- 0.01 (P less than 0.005). Mean airway pressure in the trachea was reduced from 16 +/- 2 to 10 +/- 3 cm H2O (P less than 0.05). Four patients died, three of whom had diaphragmatic hernias with hypoplastic lungs. Five of the eight survivors had mild bronchopulmonary dysplasia requiring supplemental oxygen. These studies demonstrate that in some neonates with respiratory failure who fail to respond to conventional IMV, combined HFOV-IMV can be successful.
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PMID:Combined high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and intermittent mandatory ventilation in critically ill neonates. 637 37

Thirteen patients with acute Legionellosis were studied. Acute serologic studies obtained within the first two weeks of illness were non-diagnostic in 10 of 13 cases. Lymphocyte blastogenic responses to sonicated L. pneumophila were much higher in patients with acute disease (mean net cpm +/- SEM = 66,786 +/- 15,428) than in subjects without a history of Legionellosis (11,800 +/- 1,760) p less than 0.01. Eleven of the 13 patients with acute Legionellosis had net cpm greater than 17,000. Lymphocytes from six patients with acute non-Legionnaires' pneumonia had mean cpm of 3,769 +/- 909 (p less than 0.01). Blastogenic response to L. pneumophila appears to occur earlier than the production of measurable antibody and may be a useful adjunct to diagnosis.
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PMID:Lymphocyte blastogenic responses to L. pneumophila in acute Legionellosis. 706 78


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