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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Histochemical techniques have demonstrated an increase in the content of some physiologically active substances (catecholamines, serotonin and histamine) and acetylcholinesterase activation in the formed elements of the blood plasma of patients with acute pneumonia. The development of acute experimental pneumonia and pulmonary edema in rabbits has been shown to be accompanied by inhibition of serotonin inactivation in the lungs. It may be assumed that the increase in the blood content of physiologically active substances is caused by abnormality of the non-respiratory functions of the lungs in acute pneumonia.
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PMID:[Levels of physiologically active substances in the blood in acute pneumonia]. 400 53

Composite histoenzymochemical characteristics of the nervous apparatus of bronchi in vagotomy, desympathetization, histamine shock, and development of pneumonia experimentally and clinically were obtained. The development of bronchospasm under the above effects and in pneumonia was found to be accompanied by decreases in the activity of acetylcholinesterase, the content of noradrenaline, a high content of nucleoproteins, polysaccharides, a high activity of oxidoreductases in different structures of the nervous apparatus of the bronchi. Bronchodilatation was accompanied by a decrease of all the above-mentioned indicators of the status of the nervous apparatus as well as destructive changes in its elements. The condition of production and utilization of the cholinergic and adrenergic mediators is discussed on the basis of the data obtained.
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PMID:[Histochemical characteristics of the neural apparatus of the bronchi in different states of tonus]. 687 May 82

To observe the chronic toxicity of Sumithion (o, o-dimethyl, o-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothionate), 8 groups of male and female rats were fed for one year with control food and food containing 1, 5 and 25 ppm of the compound. Acute toxicity was also done. We obtained the following results; 1. Oral an intraperitoneal LD50 of male rats were 250 and 500 mg/kg and those of female rats were 310 and 500 mg/kg respectively. All rats showed neurotropic symptoms according to dose. 2. There was no significant difference in body weights, food and water intakes for one year experiment at those dose levels. Some pneumonitis was observed by histological findings in experimental groups at the end of the experiment. 4. Acetylcholinesterase activity of brain, liver and red blood cells slightly decreased in the first month after feeding, but it recovered and kept normal level unit the end of experiment.
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PMID:Studies on chronic toxicity of the low levels of O, O-dimethyl O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothionate (sumithion) in the rat. 709 9

A 50-year-old man swallowed 200 ml of an insecticide containing the organophosphates dimethoate and phenitrotion in an attempted suicide. On admission, signs of a cholinergic syndrome were observed: miosis, rhinorrhoea, and fasciculations. This was followed by bradycardia with hypotension and vomiting. The patient was treated with the antidotes atropine and obidoxime. Decreasing consciousness necessitated intubation, mechanical ventilation and other supportive measures. Although the serum concentrations of both organophosphate compounds rapidly decreased, the activity of cholinesterase showed a prolonged inhibition. The clinical course was complicated by hypotension, acute respiratory distress syndrome, nosocomial pneumonia, and an epileptic seizure. A period with muscle weakness and a persisting depressive disorder then followed. This case is characteristic for acute intoxications with irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as organophosphate compounds. The treatment of these potentially severe intoxications includes rapid decontamination and the administration of high doses of atropine followed by obidoxime. Mechanical ventilation and circulatory support are also indicated.
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PMID:[Poisoning with organophosphate compounds]. 1180 37

In this review, we summarize the progresses in allergy, endocrinology, gastroenterology, hematology, infectious diseases, neurology, nutrition and respiratory tract illnesses that have been published in The Italian Journal of Pediatrics in 2012. The induction of Treg activity by probiotics might be effective for promoting tolerance towards food allergens. Nasal cytology is useful in patients with rhinitis for diagnosing chronic non-allergic non-infectious diseases. Atopic eczema is associated both with an aberrant skin matrix and impaired systemic immune response. Therefore, isolated topical treatment may have suboptimal effect. Diagnostic work-up of exercise-induced anaphylaxis, including exercise challenge test, is necessary to reach a diagnosis. Studies may support a role for nutrition on prevention of asthma and cardiovascular diseases. Clinicians need to early identify adolescent menstrual abnormalities to minimize sequelae, and to promote health information. In Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2B investigations include acetylcholinesterase study of rectal mucosa followed by the molecular analysis of RET mutation. Low adherence to gluten-free diet and osteopenia are common problems in children with diabetes mellitus type 1 and celiac disease. In infantile colic, laboratory tests are usually unnecessary and the treatment is based on reassurance. Prevalence of obesity and stunting is elucidated by several studies. Evidences are growing that dietetic measures are needed to prevent obesity in children with acute leukemia. Treatment studies for infectious diseases show promise for probiotics along with standard triple therapy in children with Helicobacter pilori infection, while zinc has no effect on pneumonia. Educational programs about the proper management of the febrile child are warranted. A new hour-specific total serum bilirubin nomogram has been shown to be able to predict newborns without hyperbilirubinemia after 48 to 72 hours of life. Newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy present ECG and cardiac enzymes alterations leading to reduced neonatal survival. Rehabilitation programs including sensory integration therapy and motor performance, may improve activities of daily life in children with developmental coordination disorder. Aerobic exercise training in addition to chest physiotherapy might be useful in children with cystic fibrosis. Studies on effectiveness of leukotriene receptor antagonists, alone or with other drugs in preschool wheezing are needed.
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PMID:Progress in Pediatrics in 2012: choices in allergy, endocrinology, gastroenterology, hematology, infectious diseases, neurology, nutrition and respiratory tract illnesses. 2365 1

The aim of this study was to assess the role of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) as biomarkers of inflammation and tissue injury on rats experimentally infected by Cryptococcus neoformans. For this purpose, 20 male rats were divided into two groups: 10 animals representing the uninfected control group (Group A) and 10 C. neoformans var. grubii infected animals (Group B). Blood and brain samples were collected on days 10 (A10 and B10), and 30 (A30 and B30) post-infection (PI) for hematological analyses; AChE (in lymphocytes and brain) and seric BChE activity; interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, and IL-10); nitrite/nitrate (NOx) levels; and markers of protein oxidation (AOPP) and lipid peroxidation (TBARS). As a result, when animals of Group A were compared to animals of Group B, it was observed leukocytosis (P<0.05) on day 10 PI; AChE activity increase (P<0.05) in lymphocytes (day 30 PI) and in brain (days 10 and 30 PI); BChE activity decrease (P<0.05) on day 10 PI; IL-1 and IL-6 increase (P<0.01) in both periods, while IL-10 had reduced levels (P<0.01) in the same periods; NOx levels increased (P<0.05) significantly on days 10 and 30 PI, while AOPP and TBARS levels increased significantly on day 30 PI; as well as pneumonia on infected rats. Therefore, based on the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that AChE and BChE behavior lead to a proinflammatory reaction evidenced by the enhancement of IL-1, IL-6, and NOx throughout the experiment associated with reduction on IL-10 levels, and cellular damage.
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PMID:Cholinesterase of rats experimentally infected by Cryptococcus neoformans: Relationship between inflammatory response and pathological findings. 2637 50

Marchantia polymorpha L. is a representative bryophyte used as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb for scald and pneumonia. The phytochemicals in M. polymorpha L. are terpenoids and flavonoids, among which especially the flavonoids show significant human health benefits. Many researches on the gametophyte of M. polymorpha L. have been reported. However, as the reproductive organ of M. polymorpha L., the bioactivity and flavonoids profile of the archegoniophore have not been reported, so in this work the flavonoid profiles, antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities of the extracts from the archegoniophore and gametophyte of M. polymorpha L. were compared by radical scavenging assay methods (DPPH, ABTS, O(2-)), reducing power assay, acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay and LC-MS analysis. The results showed that the total flavonoids content in the archegoniophore was about 10-time higher than that of the gametophyte. Differences between the archegoniophore and gametophyte of M. polymorpha L. were observed by LC-MS analysis. The archegoniophore extracts showed stronger bio-activities than those of the gametophyte. The archegoniophore extract showed a significant acetylcholinesterase inhibition, while the gametophyte extract hardly inhibited it.
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PMID:Flavonoids, Antioxidant Potential, and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Activity of the Extracts from the Gametophyte and Archegoniophore of Marchantia polymorpha L. 2699 88

The number of elderly patients is increasing worldwide. This will have a significant impact on the practice of anesthesia in future decades. Anesthesiologists must provide care for an increasing number of elderly patients, who have an elevated risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality. Complications related to postoperative residual neuromuscular blockade, such as muscle weakness, airway obstruction, hypoxemia, atelectasis, pneumonia, and acute respiratory failure, are more frequent in older than in younger patients. Therefore, neuromuscular blockade in the elderly should be carefully monitored and completely reversed before awakening patients at the end of anesthesia. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are traditionally used for reversal of neuromuscular blockade. Although the risk of residual neuromuscular blockade is reduced by reversal with neostigmine, it continues to complicate the postoperative course. Sugammadex represents an innovative approach to reversal of neuromuscular blockade induced by aminosteroid neuromuscular-blocking agents, particularly rocuronium, with useful applications in clinical practice. However, aging is associated with certain changes in the pharmacokinetics of sugammadex, and to date there has been no thorough evaluation of the use of sugammadex in elderly patients. The aim of this review was to perform an analysis of the use of sugammadex in older adults based on the current literature. Major issues surrounding the physiologic and pharmacologic effects of aging in elderly patients and how these may impact the routine use of sugammadex in elderly patients are discussed.
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PMID:Profile of sugammadex for reversal of neuromuscular blockade in the elderly: current perspectives. 2931 6

Neuromuscular blocking drugs are administered to facilitate endotracheal intubation and induce paralysis to allow surgeons access to their anatomical target. Traditionally, qualitative measures; such as tactile observation of fade by a peripheral nerve stimulator, are used to assess the extent of the patient's recovery after receiving the neuromuscular blocking agent. Use of these qualitative measures; however, can contribute to high rates of residual neuromuscular blockade (RNMB), placing patients at risk of serious postoperative adverse events. Such adverse events include the need for tracheal reintubation, impaired oxygen and ventilation, increased risk of aspiration and pneumonia, pharyngeal dysfunction, and delayed discharge from the postanesthesia care unit. This problem of RNMB is exacerbated by the use of traditional drugs to reverse the neuromuscular blockade, such as the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine. This course will examine the current limitations of qualitative neuromuscular monitoring, introduce the reader to acceleromyography, and outline the advantages of monitoring neuromuscular blockade during the perioperative period. In addition, this course will review the contemporary neuromuscular antagonists, including the newer neuromuscular antagonist sugammadex.
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PMID:AANA Journal Course-Residual Neuromuscular Blockade: Evidence-Based Recommendations to Improve Patient Outcomes. 3157 87