Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Conference of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) approved the following definitions regarding the case definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) at its annual meeting in June 1985. 1st, the case definition of AIDS used for national reporting will continue to include only the more severe manifestations of human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) infection. 2nd, Centers for Disease Control (CDC) will develop more inclusive definitions and classifications of HTLV-III infection for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, as well as for epidemiologic studies and special surveys. 3rd, a number of refinements will be adopted in the case definition of AIDS used for national reporting. In the absense of the opportunistic diseases required by the current case definition, disseminated histoplasmosis, isosporiasis, bronchial or pulmonary candidiasis, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of high-grade pathologic type, and histologically confirmed Kaposi's sarcoma in patients 60 years or over will be considered indicative of AIDS if the patient has a positive serologic or virologic test for HTLV-III. Also, in the absence of the required opportunistic diseases, a histologically confirmed diagnosis of chronic lymphoid insterstitial pneumonitis in a child under 3 years of age will be considered indicative of AIDS unless HTLV-III antibody tests are negative. Patients who have a lymphoreticular malignancy diagnosed more than 3 months after the diagnosis of an opportunistic disease used as a marker for AIDS will no longer be excluded as AIDS cases. Finally, to increase the specificity of the case definition, patients will be excluded as AIDS cases if they have a negative result on testing for serum antibody to HTLV-III, have no other test for HTLV-III with a positive result, and do not have a low number of T-helper lymphocytes or a low T4:T8 ratio.
 ...
PMID:Revision of the case definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome for national reporting--United States. 298 77

Studies conducted with locally available means at the University Hospital in Brazzaville have provided data on opportunistic parasitic and mycotic disease in AIDS patients in the Congo. The diagnosis of AIDS was based on the World Health Organization clinical definition for Africa and on positive ELISA tests. Patients were prospectively studied in 1986-87. 12 cases of meningitic cryptococcosis were found in 139 patients studied, for a rate of almost 9% of AIDS cases. Prior to the AIDS epidemic only 2 cases were published in the Congo. 35.6% of 146 cases studied showed oral pharyngeal candidiasis on clinical examination. The frequency of esophageal and bronchopulmonary candidiasis could not be estimated with the means available. 118 AIDS patients had intestinal parasites, of whom 2/3 had chronic diarrhea. 9.3% were caused by Isospora belli and 4.2% by Cryptosporidiosis. Other intestinal flora were apparently affected by routinely administered antiparasite treatments. An estimate of 20% for cerebral toxoplasmosis was obtained by comparing serum toxoplasmosis antibody and cerebrospinal fluid rates for 75 patients. The rate of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia appears on indirect evidence to be under 10%. No cases of disseminated histoplasmosis or malignant strongyloidiasis were observed. The biggest differences between the patterns of opportunistic infection in industrialized countries and especially the US and in the Congo appear to be the lesser frequency in the Congo of pneumocystosis and the greater frequency of Isosporosis and cerebral toxoplasmosis.
 ...
PMID:[Opportunistic parasitic diseases and mycoses in AIDS. Their frequencies in Brazzaville (Congo)]. 326 18

Worldwide, there are more than 18 million persons infected with HIV, the cause of AIDS. As HIV disease progresses, HIV-infected persons become vulnerable to various opportunistic infections that tend to vary from region to region. Tuberculosis is the most frequent serious opportunistic infection in sub-Saharan Africa. It is more prevalent in Latin America and in Asia than in the US. Bacterial and parasitic infections are common in sub-Saharan Africa. Toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, and other fungal diseases are prevalent in Latin America. Fungal diseases, particularly cryptococcoses, and Penicillium marneffei infection, seem to also be prevalent in Asia. These regions have limited health resources. Regimens designed to prevent opportunistic infections that prolong and improve the quality of life of HIV-infected persons include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to prevent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, and bacterial infections; isoniazid to prevent tuberculosis; and 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine to Streptococcus pneumonia pneumonia. Scientists need to conduct research to identify the spectrum of opportunistic infections and the efficacy of different prevention measures in resource-poor countries. Health officials need to develop a minimum standard of care for HIV-infected patients. Since HIV/AIDS continues to grow in developing countries, scientists and health providers should pay as much attention to HIV/AIDS as to other tropical diseases.
 ...
PMID:Preventing opportunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons: implications for the developing world. 870 12

The AIDS epidemic has led to the emergence of several disease entities which in the pre-AIDS era were rare or seemingly innocuous. Experience of treating these diseases varies. In some instances, such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, there is an abundance of published literature to direct our course of action. However, for many of these newly recognised diseases our treatment experience is limited. Furthermore, in many instances, well controlled trials evaluating treatment modalities in the AIDS population are lacking. We have identified 13 disease entities (P. carinii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, cytomegalovirus, coccidioidomycosis, isosporiasis, candidosis, Kaposi's sarcoma, herpes simplex virus, and varicella zoster virus) and have reviewed the current literature with regard to their treatment.
 ...
PMID:Drug treatment of HIV-related opportunistic infections. 901 Jun 48