Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Data on susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae are scanty in Italy. We compared the activity of loracarbef (Ly 163892), a new carbacephem, with that of 4 other agents against 265 strains of H. influenzae (46 type b, 219 nontypable) isolated from adults and children at Istituti Clinici di Perfezionamento of Milano, between 1/1/84 and 1/1/89, and also from 7 children at pediatric departments in Lombardy during 1988. In adults 72 strains were all isolated from sputum of patients with pneumonia or chronic bronchitis; in children 199 strains were isolated from conjunctiva (53% of the patients had also a concomitant respiratory infection), 24 from middle ear, 18 from sputum and 32 from blood or cerebrospinal fluid. Minimal inhibiting concentrations (MIC) were determined by the broth microdilution technique. The incidence of resistance of H. influenzae to ampicillin was 3.8%; the lowest percentage of resistance was found for loracarbef (0%) and the highest for erythromycin (94% for strains isolated from children and 97% for strains isolated from adults).
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PMID:In-vitro susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to loracarbef (LY 163892) and other oral antibiotics. Collaborative Study Group on Pediatric Infectious Disease in Lombardy. 1204 16

Free oxygen radicals (FORs); have been implicated as important pathologic mediators in many diseases. Under physiological conditions FORs are part of normal regulatory circuits and neutralized by antioxidants, but an increased flux of FORs can cause tissue damage. Infections are one cause of increased FORs production. An important mechanism of tissue damage produced by FORs is the peroxidation of membrane lipids, which can be estimated by malondialdehyte (MDA) levels. The purpose of this study was to determine in 24 albino rabbits whether FORs play a role in the pathogenesis of otitis media experimentally induced by inoculating Streptococcus pneumonia into the right ear, with the left ear serving as a control. We examined the mucosa of each middle ear histopathologically and measured MDA levels in mucosa and serum. Serum MDA levels in infected rabbits were significantly higher than those in preoperative blood specimens (p<0.05). The MDA levels in mucosa were significantly higher in infected ears than in control ears (p<0.01). In the experimentally infected group, a correlation was found between MDA levels in serum and mucosa (p<0.05). In conclusion, serum and mucosa MDA indicating FORs production increased significantly in experimental otitis media. We considered that FORs might play a role in tissue damage caused by otitis media.
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PMID:The role of free oxygen radicals in experimental otitis media. 1209 3

Severe hypomineralized first permanent molars (cheese molars) can be found in children. The aetiology of this phenomenon is unknown. The aim of this study is to collect more information about the causes of such molars. Parents of 24 children with severe cheese molars and of 21 controls without cheese molars, matched for age, living area and sex were interviewed. The mean age of the 45 children was 9.9 year (; ssd: 2.02). A questionnaire about the medical data from birth to four years of age and the medical situation of the mother during pregnancy was sent to the parents. No significant differences were found concerning weight and length at the time of birth between the two groups. Also no significant differences were found for the period of breast-/and bottle-feeding and for problems of the mother during pregnancy and child delivery. The mothers were healthy during pregnancy. Compared to the control group the children with cheese molars were ill more often Significant differences were found for pneumonia, high fever and inflammation of the middle ear.
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PMID:[Factors involved in the etiology of hypomineralized first permanent molars]. 1240 85

Outbreaks of Mycoplasma bovis-associated otitis media and pneumonia occurred on four beef cattle farms in Hokkaido, Japan between 2000 and 2001. The morbidity and mortality were estimated at 8-40 and 30-100%, respectively. Eight calves with bilateral ear droop and exudative otitis media were examined bacteriologically and histopathologically. M. bovis was isolated post mortem from nasal swabs and from the ears, lungs, lymph nodes (cranial and pulmonary), brain and heart of all calves. At necropsy, suppurative exudates were observed in the tympanic bullae of all cases. Numerous abscesses were also found in the petrous portion of the temporal bone and lungs in seven cases. Histopathologically, the exudates within the tympanic bullae consisted of a mixture of neutrophils, necrotic cell debris and fibrin, and the tympanic mucosa was thickened with neutrophil and macrophage infiltration and proliferation of fibrous connective tissue. Pulmonary lesions included extensive foci of coagulative necrosis surrounded by numerous neutrophils. Hepatocytes or renal tubular epithelial cells were enlarged with hyaline cytoplasmic inclusions in four calves. Immunohistochemical labelling confirmed the presence of M. bovis antigen in the cytoplasm of the inflammatory cells in the middle ear, temporal bone and lungs, and was also demonstrated within the cytoplasmic inclusions of the hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells. Ultrastructurally, mycoplasma-like organisms, 200-500 microm in diameter, were found within not only hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelia but also within axons of the facial nerves. The present results show that M. bovis spreads to multiple organs and is capable of invading various kinds of host cell. The intracellular localization may be favourable for evading host immune responses.
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PMID:Mycoplasma bovis-associated suppurative otitis media and pneumonia in bull calves. 1292 15

RSV is the primary cause of hospitalisation in the first year of life for children in most parts of the world, and nearly 100% of children in the USA are infected with the virus by 2 to 3 years of age. The agent is an enveloped RNA virus with a non-segmented single-stranded negative-sense genome. The viral genome encodes 8 structural and 2 non-structural proteins. Important structural proteins include the fusion (F) protein and the attachment (G) protein which are essential for viral penetration and attachment to the host cells. Both proteins are important in development of immune responses. The virus is estimated to cause 3000 to 4000 deaths annually. Primary infections are as a rule symptomatic. The spectrum of clinical manifestations ranges from mild upper tract illness, infection in middle ear which progresses to acute otitis media, croup, to apnoea in premature infants, pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Premature babies born at 30-35 weeks of gestation, infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease, HIV-infected subjects, and patients on intensive immunosuppressive therapy especially after bone marrow transplant are considered to be at risk for increased mortality and morbidity during RSV infection. The virus does not normally replicate outside of the bronchopulmonary tree and the infection is exquisitely restricted to the respiratory mucosa. However, development of extrapulmonary disease has been observed in certain T and B cell immunodeficiency states. The association of RSV with asthma and reversible reactive airway disease in early childhood has attracted significant attention. Recurrent wheezing for up to 5 to 7 years of age and established airway disease has been observed in a significant number of children with a strong family history of allergy, after primary infection or reinfection with RSV. Immune response to primary infection is relatively small but on reinfection, a significant booster effect with sustained immunologic reactivity is observed in serum and respiratory mucosa. Both CD(4)- and CD(8)-specific as well as Th(1)- and Th(2)-cell specific immune responses have been observed during human infection. In addition, proinflammatory as well as immunoregulatory cytokines and chemokines are induced in the respiratory tract after natural and induced (in vitro) infection. Significant progress has been made in understanding the role of Th(1) vs. Th(2), IgE, viral induced cytokines and chemokines in the mechanisms of pathogenesis of the disease, development of wheezing and in the prevention and treatment of the infection and its sequelae. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the commonest human viral infections, and virtually every child is infected by the third birthday. Because of its restricted mucosal immunopathology, and frequent association with bronchial hyperreactivity and development of wheezing, RSV has served as an important model to investigate mechanisms of mucosal immune responses and development of mucosal disease following infection. The importance of RSV in bronchopulmonary disease and development of bronchial hyperreactivity has been the focus of several recent symposia [Kimpen JL, Simoes EAF. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:S1-S6]. This brief report will only summarise, based on selected references, the historical landmarks of its discovery and current understanding of the mechanisms of immunity, and their possible role in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary disease.
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PMID:Respiratory syncytial virus: the virus, the disease and the immune response. 1498 Feb 56

Cefdinir (Omnicef) is an oral third-generation cephalosporin with good in vitro activity against many pathogens commonly causative in community-acquired infections. The drug provides good coverage against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common respiratory tract pathogens. Cefdinir is stable to hydrolysis by commonly occurring plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases and retains good activity against beta-lactamase-producing strains of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. The drug distributes into various tissues (e.g. sinus and tonsil) and fluids (e.g. middle ear), and has a pharmacokinetic profile that allows for once- or twice-daily administration.Cefdinir, administered for 5 or 10 days, has shown good clinical and bacteriological efficacy in the treatment of a wide range of mild-to-moderate infections of the respiratory tract and skin in adults, adolescents and paediatric patients in randomised, controlled trials. In adults and adolescents, cefdinir is an effective treatment for both lower (acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis [ABECB], community-acquired pneumonia) and upper (acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, streptococcal pharyngitis) respiratory tract infections, and uncomplicated skin infections. Its bacteriological and clinical efficacy in patients with lower respiratory tract infections was equivalent to that of comparator agents (cefprozil [bacteriological only], loracarbef, cefuroxime axetil and cefaclor). In one trial in patients with ABECB, cefdinir produced a higher rate of clinical cure than cefprozil (95% CIs indicated nonequivalence). Cefdinir also produced good clinical and bacteriological responses equivalent to responses with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in patients with acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. In addition, it was at least as effective as penicillin V (phenoxymethylpenicillin) in streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis and as effective as cefalexin in uncomplicated skin infections. In paediatric patients aged > or =6 months, cefdinir showed similar efficacy to that of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or cefprozil in acute otitis media, and cefalexin in uncomplicated skin infections. Cefdinir given for 5 or 10 days was at least as effective as penicillin V for 10 days in patients with streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Cefdinir is usually well tolerated. Diarrhoea was the most common adverse event in trials in all age groups. Although the incidence of diarrhoea in cefdinir recipients was generally higher than in adults and adolescents treated with comparators, discontinuation rates due to adverse events were generally similar for cefdinir and comparator groups. In conclusion, cefdinir is a third-generation cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity encompassing pathogens that are commonly causative in infections of the respiratory tract or skin and skin structure. Depending on the infection being treated, cefdinir can be administered as a convenient once- or twice-daily 5- or 10-day regimen. Clinical evidence indicates that cefdinir is an effective and generally well tolerated drug with superior taste over comparator antibacterial agents and is therefore a good option for the treatment of adults, adolescents and paediatric patients with specific mild-to-moderate respiratory tract or skin infections, particularly in areas where beta-lactamase-mediated resistance among common community-acquired pathogens is a concern.
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PMID:Cefdinir: a review of its use in the management of mild-to-moderate bacterial infections. 1521 60

History revealed a chronic obstructive pulmonary condition which had been treated with prednisolone for a long time. There was a raised temperature with further signs of an acute inflammatory underlying disease and internal hydrocephalus. After performing trepanation, the symptoms of raised intercerebral pressure ceased. Candida albicans could be detected microbiologically in the cerebrospinal fluid. There was no pneumonia at the time of admission. Despite instituting immediate intensive care with administration of antibiotics and antimycotics, the patient died 11 days after inpatient admission. Autopsy revealed a C. albicans mycosis originating from the right middle ear with extensive suppurative meningitis, which was the immediate cause of death. Confluent bronchopneumonia had developed in both lower lung lobes at the time of death, but did not show any signs of mycosis and had contributed indirectly to the death of the patient.
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PMID:Lethal otogenic Candida meningitis. 1550 33

Bacterial clearance and immune responses in a mouse model of pneumonia and a rat model of otitis media following parenteral or mucosal immunisation in both models were compared. Both the immunisation routes were equally effective in inducing bacterial clearance from the lung, upregulated the recruitment of white cells and lead to an increase in the concentration of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and specific antibody in the bronchoalveolar lavage. Both the routes of immunisation enhanced clearance of bacteria from the middle ear. Parenteral immunisation was most effective overall in enhancing bacterial clearance and recruiting white cells to the middle ear. Both the routes significantly suppressed the levels of TNF-alpha in the middle ear lavage. Mucosal immunisation induced a Streptococcus pneumoniae-specific IgA antibody response. Both the animal models gave highly reproducible disease and provided high levels of sensitivity for testing the efficacy of candidate vaccine antigens. Differences observed in the inflammatory responses require further study.
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PMID:Comparison of mucosal and parenteral immunisation in two animal models of pneumococcal infection: otitis media and acute pneumonia. 1711 1

A special colony of albino rats was built up by selection and isolation from a population in which middle ear disease was highly prevalent. No cases of aural infection occurred in the selected group, whereas its precursor showed a crude incidence of 57 per cent. The subjection of selected rats to a rachitic diet and to overcrowding did not predispose to the development of middle ear disease. The incidence of pneumonia was not similarly affected; thus, 52 per cent of the adult selected rats showed pulmonary lesions, and 78 per cent of the adult stock rats. There was, however, a significant reduction in the number of cases which showed advanced pulmonary lesions. Certain theoretical considerations of middle ear disease and of pneumonia are discussed.
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PMID:THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN ALBINO RAT COLONY FREE FROM MIDDLE EAR DISEASE. 1986 46

We previously reported that ethanol-killed cells of a noncapsulated strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, given intranasally with cholera toxin as an adjuvant, protect rats against pneumonia and mice against colonization of the nasopharynx and middle ear by capsulated pneumococci of various serotypes. The acceleration of pneumococcal clearance from the nasopharynx in mice is CD4+ T cell-dependent and interleukin 17A (IL-17A) mediated and can be antibody independent. Here, anticipating human studies, we have demonstrated protection with a new vaccine strain expressing a nonhemolytic derivative of pneumolysin and grown in bovine-free culture medium. Killing the cells with chloroform, trichloroethylene, or beta-propiolactone--all used without postinactivation washing--produced more-potent immunogens than ethanol, and retention of soluble components released from the cells contributed to protection. Two sequential intranasal administrations of as little as 1 microg of protein (total of cellular and soluble combined) protected mice against nasopharyngeal challenge with pneumococci. Nontoxic single and double mutants of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin were effective as mucosal adjuvants. Protection was induced by the sublingual and buccal routes, albeit requiring larger doses than when given intranasally. Protection was likewise induced transdermally with sonicates of the killed-cell preparation. Thus, this whole-cell antigen can be made and administered in a variety of ways to suit the manufacturer and the vaccination program and is potentially a solution to the need for a low-cost vaccine to reduce the burden of childhood pneumococcal disease in low-income countries.
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PMID:Options for inactivation, adjuvant, and route of topical administration of a killed, unencapsulated pneumococcal whole-cell vaccine. 2042 25


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