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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A role for both the cellular and humoral components of the immune response has been established for chlamydial infection. The significance of helper (L3T4) T cells was evaluated by using a Chlamydia trachomatis murine salpingitis model for upper genital tract chlamydial infection. Mouse oviducts were inoculated with C. trachomatis by using the mouse pneumonitis agent (MoPn) or control medium. Mice depleted of L3T4-bearing lymphocytes had significantly higher (P less than 0.05) numbers of organisms recovered at day 7 postinoculation. The rate of hydrosalpinx formation was significantly higher in the mice depleted of L3T4-bearing lymphocytes (27 of 31 [87%] ) than in the infected undepleted group (8 of 16 [50%] ) (P less than 0.01). The geometric mean antichlamydial immunoglobulin G titers at day 54 postinoculation were significantly higher in the L3T4-depleted mice (mean titer, 2,030) than in the undepleted group (mean titer, 776; P less than 0.05). The rate of fertility was lower in the L3T4-depleted group (2 of 31 [6%]) than in the infected, undepleted mice (2 of 16 [13%]), but this difference did not reach statistical significance. In conclusion, the greater persistence of organisms in the oviduct and higher rates of hydrosalpinx formation in mice depleted of L3T4-bearing cells suggests that these cells play a role in the clearing of organisms following infection and thus in reducing the degree of oviduct obstruction and damage.
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PMID:Role of L3T4-bearing T-cell populations in experimental murine chlamydial salpingitis. 183 63

The effect of tetracycline X HCl, administered for 14 days starting before or after intraovarian bursa inoculation of the mouse pneumonitis biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis, was examined in mice. Mice that received no antibiotic developed acute salpingitis and subsequent hydrosalpinx. Only one of ten mated mice at 42-51 days after inoculation showed a normal, bilateral pregnancy. Initiation of tetracycline treatment two days prior to inoculation completely prevented the pathology associated with tubal chlamydial infection and fertility was as high (eight of ten) as in mice inoculated with sterile tissue culture supernate (eight of 11). Initiation of treatment one week after inoculation prevented permanent tubal damage (two of 20 vs. 12 of 20; P = .001) and infertility (bilateral pregnancies, six of ten vs. one of ten; P = .027) in some, but not all, infected mice. Therapy began two weeks after inoculation resulted in a marginal improvement in the frequency of apparently normal oviducts (16 of 24 vs. eight of 20; P = .053) but not in fertility (bilateral pregnancies, four of 12 vs. one of ten; P = 0.19). This model may be of value in studies of the treatment of upper genital tract infection with C. trachomatis.
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PMID:The effect of tetracycline treatment on chlamydial salpingitis and subsequent fertility in the mouse. 395 96

The effect of infection with Chalmydia trachomatis (mouse pneumonitis biovar) on the fertility of female mice was examined. Mice were inoculated into one ovarian bursa with approximately 10(4) inclusion-forming units of C. trachomatis and were mated five to 16 days later. At sacrifice all mice showed salpingitis or hydrosalpinx in the inoculated oviduct and implantations were found only in the uterine horn contiguous with the noninoculated oviduct. Animals inoculated with tissue culture supernate showed no tubal pathology and had implantations evenly distributed in both uterine horns. Intrauterine inoculation of Chlamydia five to 36 days before mating also resulted in tubal pathology and infertility. Intrauterine inoculation of C. trachomatis one to two days after mating (one to two days before expected nidation) had no effect on the number or distribution of implantation sites as compared with controls. These results demonstrate that chlamydial infection of the upper reproductive tract of mice prior to mating can result in infertility.
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PMID:Infertility as a consequence of chlamydial infection of the upper genital tract in female mice. 646 10

Inoculation of the mouse pneumonitis biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis into the ovarian bursa of mice resulted in salpingitis. An acute inflammatory response in the bursa and contiguous oviduct peaked at six to nine days postinoculation. At day 14, most animals showed an acute and chronic infiltrate that occluded the oviductal lumen in some sections. Inflammatory exudate and debris accumulated in the periovarial space near the ostium of the oviduct. Inclusions were demonstrated in the lumenal epithelial cells of the oviduct and uterus. The mouse pneumonitis agent could be recovered from genital tissues for up to 21 days postinoculation but not from other organs. IgG antibodies to the mouse pneumonitis agent were detected at seven days postinoculation and reached peak titers by 21-30 days. By 25-30 days postinoculation, the inflammatory reaction declined and hydrosalpinx was observed. This model for salpingitis may be useful in understanding some aspects of the pathogenesis of C trachomatis genital infections.
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PMID:Chlamydia trachomatis-induced salpingitis in mice. 665 89

To determine the role that the host response to the chlamydial 60 kDa heat shock protein (hsp) plays in the pathogenesis of infertility, C3H/HeN (H-2k) and C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice were inoculated in the left ovarian bursa with 1 x 10(5) inclusion forming units of the Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis (MoPn) biovar, and in the right ovarian bursa with mock-infected HeLa-229 cell extracts. Control mice were inoculated with mock-infected HeLa-229 cell extracts. These two strains of mice were chosen because the C3H mice mount a strong immune response to the 60 kDa hsp, whereas the C57BL/6 mice respond only weakly. Vaginal cultures obtained after inoculation were positive for 4 weeks in both strains of mice. Histological sections showed a marked acute inflammatory infiltrate that permeated all the layers of the oviduct and lasted for approximately 2 weeks in both strains. By the third week, mononuclear inflammatory cells were also observed and from 4 weeks after inoculation, hydrosalpinx formation was observed, particularly in the C3H mice. An inclusion immunofluorescence assay detected antibodies specific for chlamydia in the serum and the vaginal washes of the C3H and C57BL/6 mice. Western blot analysis of the serum samples showed an immune response to lipopolysaccharide, and the 30, 40 (major outer membrane protein) and 60 kDa cysteine-rich protein in both strains of mice. In addition, in the C3H mice a strong immune reaction was mounted against a 50 kDa component and the 60 kDa hsp. Six weeks after inoculation, the female mice were mated with male mice of proven fertility and the outcome of the pregnancies evaluated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Induction of infertility by the Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis biovar in strains of mice that differ in their response to the 60 kDa heat shock protein. 793 61

Whether there is a pathogenic or protective outcome to chlamydial infection may be defined by the host response. We infected C57BL/6 (C57) and C3H/HeN (C3H) mice with the human biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis, serovar E, and, in select experiments, with the mouse pneumonitis agent of C. trachomatis (MoPn). We compared the courses of infection, histopathology, and host responses that resulted from these infections. The duration of infection with either chlamydial biovar was significantly increased in the C3H strain of mice. The intensity of infection was examined in mice infected with serovar E, and it was significantly increased in the C3H strain. Histopathology revealed the incidence of severe hydrosalpinx to be significantly greater in C3H mice than in C57 mice. In contrast, severe distention of the uterine horns was observed in all infected C57 mice compared to none of the C3H mice infected with serovar E and only 25% of those infected with MoPn. Acute inflammation was significantly increased in the uterine horns of C57 mice compared to that of C3H mice. Examination of antigen-specific responses revealed qualitatively similar responses in the two strains. Determination of gamma interferon- versus interleukin 4- producing cells revealed the predominance of a Th1 response in both strains. Serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a revealed a predominance of IgG2a antibody in both strains, although the levels of antibody were significantly greater in C3H mice. Lymphocyte proliferation studies revealed increased proliferation in the iliac nodes of both strains at 1 to 3 weeks after infection. Because of the early eradication of infection observed in the C57 strain, we explored the relative production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the two strains. TNF-alpha levels were significantly increased in the genital tract secretions of C57 mice compared to that of C3H mice during the first week of infection. Increased TNF-alpha may be beneficial to the host by leading to earlier eradication of infection, thereby preventing infection of the oviduct and thus the major disease sequelae associated with chlamydial infection of the genital tract.
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PMID:Mouse strain-dependent variation in the course and outcome of chlamydial genital tract infection is associated with differences in host response. 923 55

A susceptible strain of mice infected intravaginally with the mouse pneumonitis biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis became infertile and sustained high rates of hydrosalpinx formation regardless of prior infection with a human serovar. Conversely, susceptible mice infected with human serovars remained fertile unless challenged with a homologous human serovar.
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PMID:Disease outcome subsequent to primary and secondary urogenital infection with murine or human biovars of Chlamydia trachomatis. 1108 53

In this study, we expand on the examination of genetically determined differences in host responses that correlate with clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis from the genital tract. We infected C57BL/6, BALB/c, and C3H/HeN mice with the mouse pneumonitis agent of C. trachomatis (MoPn). C57BL/6 mice had the shortest course of infection (22 days) and the lowest incidence of severe hydrosalpinx. BALB/c mice also had a short course of infection (25 days), but all developed hydrosalpinx. C3H/HeN mice had the longest course of infection (38 days), and all developed severe hydrosalpinx. Determination of local cytokine responses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of genital tract secretions revealed that the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) were significantly increased in the C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains compared to those in the C3H/HeN strain whereas the level of IL-6 was not different. The level of the neutrophil chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) was increased during the first week of infection in all three strains but was significantly higher in the BALB/c strain, the strain with the most rapid influx of neutrophils into the genital tract. Prolonged detection of MIP-2 in C3H/HeN mice was associated with a protracted presence of neutrophils in the genital tract. Early increases in the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta are associated with earlier eradication of infection in the C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains than in the C3H/HeN strain. Increased levels of MIP-2 and neutrophils in BALB/c and C3H/HeN mice relative to C57BL/6 mice suggest that these responses may contribute to pathology.
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PMID:Early local cytokine profiles in strains of mice with different outcomes from chlamydial genital tract infection. 1134 13

To determine the role of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) in the pathogenesis of chlamydial infection, C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and MMP-7 knockout (KO) mice were infected intravaginally with Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis (MoPn). Over a period of 6 weeks postinfection, various organs were cultured for C. trachomatis. Other infected animals were mated to assess their fertility status. No significant differences were observed between WT and KO mice in the number of animals with positive vaginal cultures, length of time of C. trachomatis shedding, or the number of C. trachomatis inclusion-forming units (IFU) recovered from their genital tracts. Likewise, the number of animals with hydrosalpinx, and the fertility rates and the number of embryos per mouse, were similar in WT and KO mice. Cultures from the spleen, lungs, kidneys and large intestine yielded similar numbers of IFU from WT and KO mice. However, the number of C. trachomatis IFU recovered from the small intestine of KO mice was significantly higher than that recovered from the small intestine of WT mice at 2 weeks postinfection. Because MMP-7 KO mice are deficient in active intestinal alpha-defensins, the results suggest that these components play a role in regulating colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by Chlamydia. By contrast, MMP-7 is dispensable in the progression and resolution of the genital tract infection.
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PMID:Role of matrix metalloproteinase-7 in the modulation of a Chlamydia trachomatis infection. 1642 57