Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The epidemiology of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection was studied in an outbreak in four farm families living close together in Denmark. Eleven of 20 members of the families studied had bronchitis or pneumonia characteristic of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Serologic evidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae as causative agent was strengthened by a high incidence of epidemic infection. Transmission within families and a high frequency of disease versus asymptomatic infection are two findings which deviate from epidemiological patterns of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection as currently known.
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PMID:Outbreak of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in four farm families. 139 69

Persistent cough is a frequent and frustrating problem in the pediatric field. One hundred and seventy two children presenting with persistent cough for longer than 2 weeks were evaluated by both otolaryngologists and pediatricians. One hundred and twenty nine cases (75%) were found to have lower airway diseases, of which bronchial asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia, in that order, were the most common. One hundred and forty two cases (82%) had sinusitis, in 34 cases of which no causative diseases except sinusitis were found to be responsible for the persistent cough. Sinusitis was found in 90% of patients with pneumonia, 81% of those with bronchitis and 65% of those with poorly controlled asthma cases. These results revealed that sinusitis is an important causative factor for persistent cough in children. All the patients with pneumonia and bronchitis were cured by antibiotic administration for 2 weeks, whereas conservative treatment of sinusitis for as long as 6 months was less satisfactory resulting in only 60% cure, 18% improvement and 22% without improvement. In cases with sinusitis and lower airway diseases, continuous treatment for sinusitis is necessary even after treatment of the lower airway diseases has been completed.
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PMID:[Upper and lower airway diseases in children with persistent cough]. 140 14

We present the bacteriological findings in 329 aspirates from fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Quantitative cultures were not performed. 92 of the patients had radiologically confirmed pneumonia, 58 possibly had infectious bronchitis or pneumonia which was not verified radiologically, 154 had other pulmonary diseases and 25 had no verified pulmonary disease. 13% of aspirates contained no bacterial isolates and 33% revealed growth of multiple bacteria, classified as "normal pharyngeal flora". Among the 54% with specified bacterial findings the most frequent bacteria were viridans streptococci, staphylococci, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The differences in bacterial flora between the patient groups were only minimal. Klebsiella and Escherichia coli were the only bacteria indicating presence of pneumonia. S pneumoniae were found more frequently among patients with no signs of infection. Bronchial aspirates obtained with a fiberbronchoscope may give false positive results and are of limited value in diagnosing pneumonia. However, the presence of gram negative intestinal rods may indicate bacterial respiratory infection in hospitalized patients. Improving sampling and culture techniques can possibly improve the value of bacteriological findings.
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PMID:[Bacteriological examination of bronchial aspirates obtained via fiberoptic bronchoscopy]. 141 5

A 12-month-old black female with an unremarkable past medical history was admitted to the hospital with respiratory distress and fever without identified sepsis. Despite mechanical ventilation, the patient died as a result of respiratory insufficiency secondary to severe necrotizing bronchitis and bronchiolitis with pneumonia. Electrophoretic and biochemical analyses of the patient's hemoglobin showed the patient to be a double heterozygote for hemoglobin C (a beta chain variant) and hemoglobin G-Georgia (an alpha chain variant). This is the first report of this combination of hemoglobin variants.
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PMID:Hemoglobin C--G-Georgia double heterozygosity: a case report. 145 31

Forty-eight children (25 males + 23 females), mean age 3.5 years +/- 2.6 (range 1-11), were treated for the following respiratory infections: pharyngotonsillitis (9), bronchitis (18), bronchopneumonia (14), asthmatic bronchitis (4) and pneumonia (3). The average duration of treatment was 5.3 +/- 2.0 days (range 3-13). Sultamicillin was administered at the dose of 50 mg/kg/day. Patients with fever experienced a defervescence on the second day of therapy. Forty-six children (96%) showed a good clinical response. The tolerability of the drug was excellent or good in 93.8% of the cases.
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PMID:[An open non-comparative study of the efficacy and tolerability of sultamicillin in the therapy of respiratory infections in childhood]. 145 3

These guidelines deal with the evaluation of anti-infective drugs for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Five clinical entities are described: streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis, otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. A wide variety of microorganisms are potentially pathogenetic in these diseases; these guidelines focus on the bacterial infections. Inclusion of a patient in a trial of a new drug is based on the clinical entity, with the requirement that a reasonable attempt will be made to establish a specific microbial etiology. Microbiologic evaluation of efficacy requires isolation of the pathogen and testing for in vitro susceptibility. Alternatively, surrogate markers may be used to identify the etiologic agent. The efficacy of new drugs is evaluated with reference to anticipated response rates. Establishment of the microbial etiology of respiratory tract infections is hampered by the presence of "normal flora" of the nose, mouth, and pharynx, which may include asymptomatic carriage of potential pathogens. This issue is addressed for each category of infection described. For example, it is suggested that for initial phase 2 trials of acute otitis media and acute sinusitis tympanocentesis or direct sinus puncture be used to collect exudate for culture. Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis also present difficulties in the establishment of microbial etiology. These guidelines suggest that clinical trials employ an active control drug but leave open the possibility of a placebo-controlled trial. For pneumonia, the guidelines suggest the identification and enrollment of patients by the clinical type of pneumonia, e.g., atypical pneumonia or acute bacterial pneumonia, rather than by etiologic organism or according to whether it was community or hospital acquired. For each respiratory infection, the clinical response is judged as cure, failure, or indeterminate. Clinical improvement is not acceptable unless quantitative response measures can be applied.
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PMID:Evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Food and Drug Administration. 147 53

Fundamental and clinical effects of cefprozil (CFPZ, BMY-28100) granules, a new oral cephalosporin antibiotic, in pediatric field were investigated. The result obtained were summarized as follows. 1. CFPZ (10% granules) was given to 1 child in a single dose of 7.5 mg/kg. The peak serum concentration of CFPZ was 4.51 micrograms/ml at 2 hours after administration. Half-life and AUC values were 0.98 hour and 20.7 micrograms.hr/ml. The mean peak urinary concentrations of CFPZ and 6 hours recovery rates were over 200 micrograms/ml at 2-6 hours and 27.6%, respectively. 2. Clinical efficacy of CFPZ was investigated in a total of 41 children, including 14 with upper respiratory tract infections, 6 with acute bronchitis and pneumonia, 2 with acute otitis media, 3 with skin and soft tissue infections and 16 with urinary tract infections. The clinical efficacy rate was 95.1%. The bacteriological eradication rate was 84.6%. 3. Two patients showed abnormal laboratory test results. One had elevations of both GOT and GPT, and another had eosinophilia which were attributed to this antibiotic as side effects.
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies on cefprozil granules in pediatrics]. 149 35

Clinical efficacy and safety of cefprozil (CFPZ, BMY-28100), a newly developed oral cephalosporin, were studied in our pediatric department. Clinical effectiveness, bacteriological effectiveness and side effects were studied in 116 pediatric patients with ages ranging 4 months to 11 years. CFPZ was given 4.6-14.1 mg/kg daily in 3 times for 3-10 days. Clinical efficacies were evaluated in 112 patients, and the therapeutic effectiveness were excellent in 1 and good in 6 for 7 patients with acute pharyngitis, excellent in 24 and good in 26 for acute purulent tonsillitis, excellent in 3, good in 8 and fair in 1 for acute bronchitis, excellent in 21, good in 7, fair in 1 and poor in 1 for acute pneumonia, excellent in 1 acute purulent parotitis, excellent in 2 and good in 7 for acute UTI, good in 1 impetigo, fair in 1 periproctal abscess and good in 1 acute enteritis. The effectiveness rate was 96.4%. Bacteriologically, 4 strains of Staphylococcus aureus (beta-lactamase producing strains), 1 strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis (beta-lactamase producing strain), 2 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 2 strains of Streptococcus agalactiae, 4 strains of beta-Streptococcus, 1 strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae (beta-lactamase producing strain) and 1 strain of Salmonella C2 were all disappeared, and of 22 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, 20 strains were disappeared, 1 was decreased and 1 was unknown, of 5 strains of Escherichia coli (3 beta-lactamase producing strains), 4 were disappeared and 1 was decreased, of 29 strains of Haemophilus influenzae (14 beta-lactamase producing strains), 14 were disappeared, 11 were decreased, 3 persisted and 1 was unknown and of 2 strains of Haemophilus parainfluenzae (1 beta-lactamase producing strain), 1 was disappeared and 1 persisted. The bacteriological eradication rates for Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria were 97.1% and 56.8%, respectively, and the drug was especially effective against Gram-positive bacteria. No side effects nor refusal of ingestion were observed. As abnormalities in laboratory test results, 3 cases of elevation of eosinophil counts and 1 of elevation of platelet counts were observed. In conclusion, CFPZ was considered to be a safe and highly effective antibiotic in pediatric infections.
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PMID:[Clinical study on cefprozil in pediatrics]. 149 36

Laboratory and clinical studies on cefprozil (CFPZ, BMY-28100), a new cephem antibiotic, were carried out in the field of pediatrics. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Serum concentrations, urinary concentrations and urinary recovery rates of CFPZ were determined upon oral administration of CFPZ after meal at doses of 4 mg/kg granules in a case, 7.5 mg/kg granules in 2 cases and 15 mg/kg granules in one. Peak serum levels of CFPZ were obtained at an hour in 3 cases and at 2 hours in 1 case after administration of the drug with a range of 2.7-8.6 micrograms/ml with half-lives of 0.69-0.95 hours. Urinary recovery rates in the first 6 hours after administration ranged from 59.4-71.3%. 2. MICs of CFPZ against 36 clinical isolates (Staphylococcus aureus 4 strains, Streptococcus pneumoniae 5, Streptococcus pyogenes 5, Escherichia coli 5, Haemophilus influenzae 12, Haemophilus parainfluenzae 4, and Branhamella catarrhalis 1) were compared with those of cefaclor (CCL) and ampicillin (ABPC). The antibacterial activity of CFPZ was superior to those of CCL against Gram-positive cocci, and to those of ABPC against E. coli, and was equal to those of CCL and inferior to those of ABPC against H. influenzae. 3. Thirty-seven pediatric patients with acute infectious diseases (pharyngitis/tonsillitis 17, bronchitis 7, pneumonia 3, skin and soft tissue infection 2, and urinary tract infection 8) were treated with CFPZ at daily doses of 10-47 mg/kg t.i.d. as a rule. The efficacy rates were 100% clinically and 56% bacteriologically. 4. Side effects or abnormal laboratory test values were not observed except for an increased platelet count in 1 case and elevated GOT, GPT values in 2 cases.
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies on cefprozil in the field of pediatrics]. 149 37

Cefdinir (CFDN), a newly developed oral cephalosporin in a 10% fine granular form, was administered to 8 children and concentrations of the drug in plasma and urine and urinary recovery rates of the drug were determined. The subjects were divided into 2 groups of 4 children each; one group received 3 mg/kg of CFDN at 1 hour before meal (in the fasting state), and the other, at 30 minutes after meal. To study clinical and bacteriological effects of this drug, a mean dose of 4.8 mg/kg t.i.d. was administered for 8 days on the average to 9 children with various infections; tonsillitis (3 cases), acute bronchitis (1), pneumonia (1), acute purulent otitis media (1), urinary tract infection (2), and impetigo (1). MICs were determined for 6 drugs including CFDN, cefaclor, cefixime (CFIX), methicillin, cloxacillin, amoxicillin (AMPC) against 4 strains freshly isolated from children receiving CFDN. An inoculum size of 10(6) cfu/ml was used in the MIC-determinations. Adverse reactions and abnormal laboratory findings attributable to this drug were also examined in these children. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Mean plasma peak levels of CFDN were observed at 2 hours after administration in the before-meal group and 4 or 5 hours after administration in the after-meal group mean peak values of 0.88 and 0.50 micrograms/ml, respectively. Mean half-lives were 1.61 hours in the before-meal group and 2.54 hours in the after-meal group, and mean AUCs were 4.24 in the former and 3.59 micrograms.hr/ml in the latter. 2. Mean urinary peak concentrations of CFDN were observed during 2-4 hours after dosing in the before-meal group and during 6-8 hours in the after-meal group with values of 93.3 and 44.8 micrograms/ml, respectively, in cases for which plasma concentrations of drugs were determined. Mean urinary recovery rates during the first 8 hours after administration in the before- and after-meal groups were 16.6 and 13.4%, respectively. 3. Good clinical effects were obtained with an efficacy rate of 100% in 9 patients with 6 diseases due to bacterial infections. 4. Good bacteriological effects were also obtained against 2 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes, 2 strains of Escherichia coli and 1 strain of Haemophilus influenzae with an eradication rate of 100%. In 3 cases of these and another case (normal flora), strains present before the study were replaced by other strains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of cefdinir 10% fine granules in pediatrics]. 149 97


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