Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We hypothesize that chronic alcohol abuse results in a loss of neurons and their associated synaptic receptors. This encephalopathy may be a precursor of brain atrophy and end-stage dementia. Autopsies were performed on normal brains of 27 alcoholics (mean age 62.5) and 30 nonalcoholic matched controls (mean age 64.4) free of other brain and liver diseases. None had recently received benzodiazepine medications. Gross brain atrophy was slight and equal in both groups. Benzodiazepine receptor densities and affinities in homogenates of frontal cortex were determined using [3H]flunitrazepam. Bmax specific binding was reduced by 20% in alcoholics compared with nonalcoholic controls of comparable age and with similar death-autopsy time intervals. The affinity was slightly less in the alcoholics. Wet tissue brain protein concentrations and their yields of 50,000-g pellet proteins were similar. Aging, death-autopsy time intervals, pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (diseases usually associated with hypoxia) had no significant effect on brain proteins, receptor densities, or affinities. We conclude that chronic alcoholism is associated with a loss of benzodiazepine receptor densities. Alcohol abuse may affect the results of post-mortem neurochemical investigations of other diseases.
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PMID:Decrease of benzodiazepine receptors in frontal cortex of alcoholics. 285 95

The incidence of pertussis in the United States decreased rapidly during the 20th century, with the most impressive decreases resulting from the widespread use of DTP vaccine since the late 1940's. As a result of immunization laws, vaccine coverage levels against pertussis at school entry have been greater than 95% since 1980. National surveillance for pertussis done by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) consists of two parts: a weekly telephone reporting system and a written case report system providing more detailed demographic, clinical, and laboratory information. In addition, data on secondary spread of pertussis among household contacts of reported cases were available on a small proportion of reported cases during 1979-1983. During the period 1980-1986, a total of 17,396 cases of pertussis was reported to CDC by weekly telephone reports. The annual incidence of reported pertussis rose during this period from 0.5 cases per 100,000 population to 1.7/100,000. Infants less than 12 months of age had the highest average annual incidence, estimated at 32 cases per 100,000. Children 1-4 years of age accounted for 25% of all cases but had an average annual incidence only 1/7th that of infants. The incidence rates for all age groups increased consistently between 1982 and 1986. The most impressive relative increases occurred among older adolescents and persons 20 years of age and older. In 1986, 10% of reported cases were in this age group compared to only 5% in 1982. Rates of hospitalization and complications such as pneumonia, seizures, and encephalopathy associated with pertussis were highest in children less than 6 months of age and declined progressively with increasing age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Current epidemiology of pertussis in the United States. 285 18

Therapy with synthetic ACTH (zinc tetracosactide) in children affected by epileptic encephalopathy is often associated with a large number of infectious complications. We studied the phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) in 9 children with West or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, measuring PMN superoxide anion production during the phagocytosis of particles of Zymosan and after phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation. The test was performed before, during and after therapy with zinc tetracosactide (0.02 mg/kg/day for 15 days). At the same time plasma immunoglobulins, C3, C4, C3 activator and cortisol were determined. During treatment PMN phagocytic function was significantly reduced but returned to normal levels after suspension of therapy. The other hematological parameters considered remained within the normal range. During the follow-up of the patients we observed 15 infectious episodes (3 mucocutaneous candidiasis, 2 enterocolitis, 4 urinary tract infections, 1 otitis media, 3 bronchiolitis, 2 pneumonia). One of the patients died of a bilateral pneumonia. Three children were treated with ACTH on alternating days. In these patients PMN phagocytic activity was less impaired and 2 infectious episodes rapidly resolved. Alternate day ACTH therapy seems to be preferable.
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PMID:Impairment of polymorphonuclear leucocyte function during therapy with synthetic ACTH in children affected by epileptic encephalopathies. 300 25

We studied 51 consecutive pediatric patients for the frequency and morbidity of viral infections after liver transplantation. The incidence of primary (67%) and reactivation (48%) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections and reactivation (88%) cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was comparable to that seen in adult transplant recipients. However, fewer pediatric than adult transplant recipients experienced primary CMV infection (P less than .01). Five (38%) of 13 CMV infections were symptomatic and included hepatitis, pneumonitis, enteritis, and mononucleosis. Two of 14 patients with primary EBV infection subsequently developed, at two months and two years after initial infection, an EBV-associated lymphoproliferative syndrome, and one of 10 patients with reactivated EBV infection developed a possible EBV-associated febrile encephalopathy. Other viruses causing infection in these children included herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and rotavirus.
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PMID:Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and other viral infections in children after liver transplantation. 303 64

A 29-year-old homosexual male with AIDS presented with progressive encephalopathy and cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia. Neuropathological examination revealed toxoplasma abscesses in corpus callosum, basal ganglia and cerebellar white matter; demyelinating foci in the parietal white matter, with microscopic changes typical of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy and intranuclear papovavirus inclusions in oligodendrocytes; and lesions of subacute encephalitis in the periventricular regions with large cells positive by immunostaining for CMV. Diffuse myelin loss was observed in the cerebral white matter. Multinucleated giant cells were numerous in the demyelinated areas, they were also observed in close relationship with papova, CMV and Toxoplasma lesions. Immunostaining of these cells was positive for histiocyte markers and negative with the leucocyte common antigen monoclonal antibody. Some of them contained virus-like particles measuring around 100 nm similar to human immune deficiency virus (HIV) as observed in human brain.
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PMID:Leucoencephalopathy with multinucleated giant cells containing human immune deficiency virus-like particles and multiple opportunistic cerebral infections in one patient with AIDS. 303 41

Twenty-six patients with recurrent leukemia following allogeneic marrow transplantation received a second marrow transplant between 1.5 and 78 months (median 26) after the initial transplant. Preparative regimens for second transplant included multi-agent chemotherapy with total body irradiation, 2.0-10.0 Gy (five patients), dimethylbusulfan alone (one patient), and dimethylbusulfan or busulfan plus cyclophosphamide (20 patients). One patient died before engraftment of infection and 18 died after engraftment from veno-occlusive disease (4), infection (2), idiopathic pneumonia (3), cytomegalovirus pneumonia (3), leukemia (5) and encephalopathy (1). Seven patients (27%) survive 12-38 months (median 26); five (19%) are disease-free and two have recurrent leukemia. Two of the five disease-free survivors have chronic graft-versus-host disease. All of the surviving patients received dimethylbusulfan or busulfan plus cyclophosphamide and six of the seven surviving patients were among 11 patients transplanted more than 2 years after the first transplant whereas only one was among the 15 transplanted in less than 2 years. Those who have second marrow transplants one or more years after their initial transplant are more likely to benefit, while those who are less than 1 year from initial transplant appear to benefit the least.
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PMID:Second marrow transplants in patients with leukemia who relapse after allogeneic marrow transplantation. 304 66

We describe our experience in the treatment of acute liver failure in 620 patients who developed grade 3 or 4 encephalopathy between 1973 and June 1985. The principal aetiologies were paracetamol-induced hepatic necrosis, viral hepatitis, halothane hepatitis and idiosyncratic drug reactions. Cerebral oedema is a major cause of death in these patients and is most effectively treated with mannitol (20%). Renal failure occurs in between 30% and 75% of cases, depending on aetiology, and is most effectively managed by haemodialysis. Electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities are common. Haemodynamic abnormalities encountered include a high cardiac output, low peripheral vascular resistance, hypotension and venodilatation. Assisted mechanical ventilation is frequently required to treat hypoxia caused by pneumonia, atelectasis, haemorrhage and oedema. A coagulopathy is always present but coagulation factors and platelets are given only when the patient is clinically bleeding. These patients are prone to sepsis and this is a significant cause of death. Hypoglycaemia is common and must be actively and frequently sought. The use of charcoal haemoperfusion has been associated with improved survival, especially when it is started during the grade 3 phase of encephalopathy. Recently survival figures of between 47% and 60% have been achieved for patients with paracetamol-induced liver failure and hepatitis A and B. However the figure for non A non B hepatitis and halothane- and drug-induced liver failure are disappointing at around 15% and liver transplantation is being explored as a treatment option in these patients.
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PMID:Management of acute liver failure. 308 71

This report describes the autopsy findings in a 62-year-old woman who died of pneumonia and disseminated necrotizing encephalopathy following intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) therapy for meningeal infiltration of lymphoma cells. Radiation therapy was not given. An interesting pathological finding was exudation of fibrin around the small vessels in the demyelinated foci, suggesting increased vascular permeability. This observation and analysis of previous reports of similar cases suggest that primary vascular injury, probably due to the direct effect of MTX, may be involved in the pathogenesis of MTX-related disseminated necrotizing encephalopathy.
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PMID:Disseminated necrotizing encephalopathy induced by methotrexate therapy alone. 321 9

A 46 year old female was admitted to our emergency room because of cardiopulmonary arrest by hanging. After ten minutes cardiopulmonary resuscitation, she was resuscitated but her consciousness did'nt recover. CT-scans on the day of admission showed no abnormalities but on the second hospital day it showed symmetrical low density areas within the basal ganglia, the thalamus, the hippocampus, and the occipital lobe. There were marked enhanced effect in cerebral sulci due to cytotoxic edema of hypoxic encephalopathy. She was comatose for a week, her pupils were dilated, light reflex and other brain stem reflex were absent. CT-scans on the sixth hospital day showed marked brain swelling with disappearance of the ventricular systems (so called brain tamponade). Brain death was confirmed on the basis of Japanese Criteria on the seventh and tenth day of admission. She had been suffering from pneumonia and urinary tract infection with an elevation of temperature since the fourth hospital day. We detected Enterobacter Cloacae (E. Cloacae), Klebsiella Oxytoca from the cultures of sputum and urine. On the tenth hospital day her temperature was running up to 39.4 degrees C and blood count revealed a peripheral blood leucocytosis of 40,300/mm3 with a shift to the left. E. Cloacae was also detected from the cultures of blood. Skull roentgenogram showed multiple gas collections in the ventricular systems. CT-scans on the fourteenth hospital day showed multiple gas-containing brain abscess. The etiology of this infection was considered due to septicemia of E. Cloacae. She died from acute renal failure on the fifteenth hospital day. Consent for autopsy was not accepted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Non-clostridial gas-producing brain abscess in a brain death patient--report of a case]. 329 38

Between February 1982 and August 1986 14 patients with AML (median age 24 years, range 10-41) underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. 9 patients were grafted in first complete remission, 4 in first relapse, 1 in second relapse and 1 patient with refractory AML. Conditioning consisted of cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg) and total body irradiation (1000 rad). The patients received methotrexate (n = 12) or methotrexate and cyclosporine (n = 2) for prevention of graft versus host disease. Of the 14 patients, 7 are alive, 7 patients died. Causes of death were recurrence of leukaemia (n = 2), veno occlusive disease of the liver (n = 1), CMV-pneumonitis (n = 1), septicaemia (1), cerebral haemorrhage (1), acute graft versus host disease of the gut (1), necrotizing encephalopathy (n = 1). 7 patients are alive between 124 and 1784 days (median 671) in continuous complete remission. All patients but 1 have a Karnofsky-index of more than 80%.
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PMID:[Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML): results in 14 patients]. 329 68


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