Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cefteram pivoxil (CFTM-PI), the pivaloyloxymethyl ester of cefteram (CFTM) in which aminothiazol was also introduced into the 7 position of cephem nucleus, is a new oral cephem antibiotic. CFTM-PI was absorbed through the intestines and hydrolyzed to CFTM by esterases in the intestinal wall and existed in the body fluids as CFTM. A tablet form of this drug has been released in Japan and now a granular form for pediatric patients has been developed. We have determined MICs of 5 drugs (CFTM, cephalexin (CEX), cefaclor (CCL), ampicillin (ABPC), erythromycin (EM], against stock strains and MICs of 6 drugs (CFTM, CEX, CCL, ABPC, methicillin, cloxacillin) against fresh strains from patients received to CFTM-PI, with an inoculum size of 10(6) cfu/ml. A total of 149 strains included Gram-positive cocci i.e. Staphylococcus aureus (11), Streptococcus pyogenes (85), Streptococcus agalactiae (16) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (4), and Gram-negative rods i.e. Haemophilus influenzae (11), Bordetella pertussis (11), Escherichia coli (9), Proteus mirabilis (1) and Morganella morganii (1). The granular form of CFTM-PI was administered to 9 boys (age: 8 years 3 months approximately 10 years 10 months) to determine serum and urinary concentrations of the drug and its urinary recovery rates using bioassay. Doses of 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg were given orally 30 minutes after meal to 3 boys, respectively. Urinary concentrations and its urinary recovery rates of T-2525A, a main metabolite of CFTM, were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To study clinical and bacteriological effects of this drug, a mean daily dose of 3.3 mg/kg divided 3-4 times a day (3 times: 133 cases, 4 times: 9 cases) was administered for 8 days on the average to a total of 142 cases with pharyngitis (22), tonsillitis (12), acute bronchitis (3), pneumonia (11), pleurisy (1), scarlet fever (28), acute purulent otitis media (16), impetigo (13), abscess (2), purulent lymphadenitis (1) and urinary tract infection (33). Adverse reactions and abnormal effects on laboratory test values attributable to this drug were studied in patients. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. With regard to Gram-positive cocci, MICs of CFTM against 11 fresh strains of S. aureus ranged from 3.13 to 6.25 micrograms/ml except for 1 strain, thus CFTM was equally effective to CEX, but less active than the other drugs tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of cefteram pivoxil granule in the pediatric field]. 281 Jul 62

The incidence of pertussis in the United States decreased rapidly during the 20th century, with the most impressive decreases resulting from the widespread use of DTP vaccine since the late 1940's. As a result of immunization laws, vaccine coverage levels against pertussis at school entry have been greater than 95% since 1980. National surveillance for pertussis done by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) consists of two parts: a weekly telephone reporting system and a written case report system providing more detailed demographic, clinical, and laboratory information. In addition, data on secondary spread of pertussis among household contacts of reported cases were available on a small proportion of reported cases during 1979-1983. During the period 1980-1986, a total of 17,396 cases of pertussis was reported to CDC by weekly telephone reports. The annual incidence of reported pertussis rose during this period from 0.5 cases per 100,000 population to 1.7/100,000. Infants less than 12 months of age had the highest average annual incidence, estimated at 32 cases per 100,000. Children 1-4 years of age accounted for 25% of all cases but had an average annual incidence only 1/7th that of infants. The incidence rates for all age groups increased consistently between 1982 and 1986. The most impressive relative increases occurred among older adolescents and persons 20 years of age and older. In 1986, 10% of reported cases were in this age group compared to only 5% in 1982. Rates of hospitalization and complications such as pneumonia, seizures, and encephalopathy associated with pertussis were highest in children less than 6 months of age and declined progressively with increasing age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Current epidemiology of pertussis in the United States. 285 18

Rokitamycin (RKM), a newly developed macrolide antibiotic with a 16-membered ring, dissolves well under acidic conditions. It has been improved over other macrolides to minimize individual variations in its absorbability. We measured, using the GA-test, variations in gastric acidities of 43 children with ages between 1 to 14 years, and investigated the relationship between gastric acidities and pharmacokinetic values. Also activities (expressed in MICs) of antimicrobial agents were studied against clinically isolated 229 bacterial strains using an inoculum size of 10(6) cells/ml. Tested organisms included Streptococcus pyogenes (77 strains), Streptococcus agalactiae (29), Streptococcus pneumoniae (2), as Gram-positive cocci, and Haemophilus influenzae (1), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (1), Bordetella pertussis (12), Salmonella sp. (4) and Campylobacter jejuni (103) as Gram-negative bacilli. Against stock strains of bacteria, MICs of 10 drugs (RKM, erythromycin (EM), josamycin (JM), midecamycin (MDM), midecamycin acetate (MOM), clindamycin (CLDM), amoxicillin (AMPC), cefaclor (CCL), minocycline, ofloxacin (OFLX] were determined. Against isolates from patients who underwent treatment with RKM, MICs of only 4 drugs (RKM, EM, JM, MOM) were determined. Measurements were made on plasma and urinary concentrations of RKM and its urinary recovery rates after patients including 6 boys with ages between 5 years 1 month and 11 years 6 months were administered with RKM (dry syrup). Two groups of 6 boys were administered between meals with RKM at dose levels of 5 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Clinical and bacteriological effects of RKM were evaluated for 175 patients including 5 cases of pharyngitis, 3 tonsillitis, 32 pneumonia, 17 mycoplasmal pneumonia, 34 atypical pneumonia, 28 streptococcal infections, 29 Campylobacter enteritis, 4 Salmonella gastroenteritis, and 23 enteritis due to unknown organisms. Five drop-out cases were excluded from the evaluations. In the evaluable cases, an average dose level used was 31.8 mg/kg/day, with a daily dose divided into 3 to 4 administrations and with an average treatment duration of 9 days. Adverse reactions of RKM and its effects on laboratory test values were investigated in these patients including the drop out cases. Obtained results of these studies are summarized below. 1. The GA-test produced pH values indicating that amounts of gastric acid were mostly either normal or high in 42 of the 43 subjects tested (97.7%), and only one low acid case (2.3%) was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Microbiological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of rokitamycin dry syrup in the pediatric field]. 305 Jan 86

A double blind placebo-controlled efficacy trial of two acellular pertussis vaccines was conducted in 3801 6- to 11-month-old children. Four vaccinated children died during 7 to 9 months follow-up as a result of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis, heroin intoxication with concomitant pneumonia, suspected septicemia, and Neisseria meningitidis Group B septicemia. From the actual death rate in children belonging to the same birth cohort in Sweden that could have been eligible for the trial, one death was expected among vaccinated children. Several investigations were carried out to examine the possibility that the deaths could be causally related to the vaccination. The relative risk for hospitalization due to systemic or respiratory infections was 1.07 (95% confidence interval, 0.95 to 1.20) and 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.64 to 1.08) in the vaccine groups as compared with the placebo group. Subsets of the population were studied for signs of immunosuppression. There was no indication of immunoglobulin deficiency or any sign of clinically significant leukopenia or lymphocytosis in vaccine recipients. The results of this analysis provide no evidence for a causal relation between vaccination with the studied acellular pertussis vaccines and altered resistance to invasive disease caused by encapsulated bacteria. The hypothesis that the two variables are related, however, cannot be refuted from these data.
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PMID:Mortality and morbidity from invasive bacterial infections during a clinical trial of acellular pertussis vaccines in Sweden. 305 Aug 58

Macrolides are active against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Legionella spp. and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the main causes of community-acquired pneumonia They may therefore be used for the empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, although emergent resistance in Str. pneumoniae limits their use in some parts of the world. In patients with bronchitis the use of macrolides reduces the severity and duration of symptoms. Macrolides have also been used successfully in the treatment of otitis media and sinusitis; combination with sulphonamides may be desirable. They may be effective in eradicating the carrier state of Str. pyogenes, Bordetella pertussis, Corynebacterium diptheriae, and Neisseria meningitidis. Macrolides provide alternative therapy for the prophylaxis of recurrent acute rheumatic fever and of infective endocarditis after dental treatment. The cure rate with macrolides of streptococcal skin infections and of minor staphylococcal infections is equal to that achieved with penicillins. In diarrhoea due to Campylobacter jejuni, the administration of macrolides shortens the duration of the faecal excretion of organisms and may give clinical improvement in severe disease. Macrolides are the drugs of choice for infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy and for Haemophilus ducreyi infections. They are effective alternative therapy to benzylpenicillin for the treatment of N. gonorrhoeae and Treponema pallidum infections.
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PMID:The clinical use of macrolides. 305 68

A total of 22 patients with acute pediatric infections was treated with rokitamycin (TMS-19-Q, RKM) dry syrup, a new macrolide antibiotic developed by Toyo Jozo Co., Ltd., Ohhito, Japan, to investigate its clinical efficacy. 1. A girl of an age 4 years 2 months (weighing 16.5 kg) was administered orally 10 mg/kg of RKM, and a boy of an age 8 years 7 months (weighing 24.5 kg), 15 mg/kg, and blood concentrations of RKM in these subjects were measured to investigate its absorption and excretion. Blood concentrations of the drug reached a peak of 0.84 microgram/ml in an hour after the administration in the girl, 0.72 microgram/ml in 30 minutes in the boy, with T1/2 of 0.86 and 1.82 hours, respectively. Their 6-hour cumulative urinary recovery rates were 2.79 and 2.13%, respectively. 2. A total of 20 patients was treated with RKM dry syrup. These patients included 3 with acute pharyngitis, one with acute tonsillitis, 4 with hemolytic streptococcal infections, 7 with acute bronchitis, 2 with pneumonia, another 2 with pertussis, and one with Campylobacter enteritis. The treatment was effective in 18 of them with a clinical efficacy of 90.0%. 3. Bacteriological responses to RKM dry syrup were as follows: eradication of pathogens in 5, pathogens decreased in 3, and no changes were observed in 3 of 12 patients from whom pathogens had been isolated prior to the treatment, thus the eradication rate was 45.5% with the exception of 1 patient whose bacteriological response was unknown.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Clinical study of rokitamycin dry syrup in pediatrics]. 317 59

Clinical efficacies of a new macrolide antibiotic, rokitamycin (RKM, TMS-19-Q), were studied in acute pediatric infections. Responses to the RKM administration were evaluable in 62 out of 68 patients consisted of 7 patients with pharyngitis (efficacy rate of 85.7%, 6/7 patients), 4 with bronchitis (25.0%, 1/4), 9 with tonsillitis (100%, 9/9), 13 with mycoplasmal pneumonia (100%, 13/13), 13 with hemolytic streptococcal infections (92.3%, 12/13), 14 with pneumonia (57.1%, 8/14), one with pertussis (100%, 1/1) and another with Chlamydia pneumonia (100%, 1/1) thus an overall efficacy rate of 82.3% was achieved. Urticaria was observed in one of the patients as an adverse reaction to the drug, while abnormal laboratory test results were noted in 3 patients, but none of such changes were severe. The drug, even when administered in combination with a theophylline preparation, exerted no effects on the serum concentration of the latter.
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PMID:[Clinical results of a rokitamycin dry syrup in pediatric infections]. 322 32

Immunization against pertussis was introduced in Sweden in the 1950s and discontinued in 1979. This was followed by a low endemic level of pertussis for 3 years. Thereafter the incidence gradually increased and there were two outbreaks in 1983 and in 1985. In the period 1980 to 1985 pertussis was confirmed by culture or serology in 36,729 patients of which 11% were younger than 12 months of age and 69% were ages 1 to 6 years. An estimate of the total frequency of pertussis in preschool children was made from reports from a sample of the child health centers. The annual incidence rate per 100,000 population ages 0 to 6 years increased from the 700 cases in 1981 to 3200 in 1985. The ratio of total cases to those reported from the laboratories was 3:1 in 1981 and 2:1 in 1985. The cumulative incidence rate by the average age of 4 years was estimated at 16% of the unimmunized cohort born in 1980 compared with 5% of the immunized cohort born in 1978. The seriousness of pertussis was evaluated by studying the 2282 pertussis patients hospitalized from 1981 to the end of 1983. Forty-eight percent were infants younger than 12 months of age. Neurologic complications were noted in 4% and pneumonia in 14% of the hospitalized patients. Eleven children received assisted ventilation. Fatal outcomes were reported in 3 children (0.1%), 2 of whom had severe congenital disabilities.
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PMID:Pertussis in Sweden after the cessation of general immunization in 1979. 358 10

Autogenous bacterins are recommended to protect guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) against pneumonia due to Bordetella bronchiseptica. Bordetella vaccines are available commercially for several other animal species. The substantial antigenic cross-reactivity among Bordetella isolates from various animal species suggests that immunity resulting from use of these vaccines might protect guinea pigs. Groups of ten individually housed Hartley guinea pigs from a colony free of Bordetella were vaccinated with one of two commercial porcine B. bronchiseptica vaccines, a human DPT vaccine (which includes a Bordetella pertussis component), or an autogenous B. bronchiseptica bacterin. Twenty-one days following vaccination, the animals were challenged with an intranasal dose of 10(6) virulent B. bronchiseptica cells. The animals were euthanized and necropsied 15 days after challenge. The nares, nasopharynx, distal trachea and lungs were cultured. All nonvaccinated control animals developed acute signs of pneumonia, while none of the vaccinated animals developed clinical signs of disease or gross lesions. The frequency of B. bronchiseptica isolation from the lungs of animals in each vaccine group was reduced. However, approximately 70% of all animals in each vaccine group harbored B. bronchiseptica in the trachea, and almost all harbored B bronchiseptica in the nares and nasopharynx. The porcine vaccines appeared to afford protection against acute pulmonary disease in the guinea pig.
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PMID:Efficacy of commercial vaccines for protecting guinea pigs against Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia. 359 89

Erythromycin, first introduced for clinical use 30 years ago, was found to be effective for the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections. Emergence of resistance and the advent of penicillinase-resistant penicillins limited the use of erythromycin for serious staphylococcal infections; however, erythromycin remains among the drugs of choice for the treatment of acne, infections of the skin and soft tissues, streptococcal pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonitis, diphtheria, carriers of pertussis, and, when administered with a sulfonamide, otitis media. Erythromycin is the drug of choice for the empiric treatment of outpatients with pneumonitis. Erythromycin is also the drug of choice for the treatment of Legionella pneumonia and is effective therapy for Chlamydia infections. Other uses of erythromycin include prophylaxis for elective colon operations and treatment of Campylobacter enteritis, genitourinary infections, and some sexually transmitted diseases.
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PMID:Erythromycin: a microbial and clinical perspective after 30 years of clinical use (2). 388 13


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