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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Strongyloides stercoralis, the only helminthic parasite that can complete its life cycle in the human host, is also the only helminthic parasite that has been reported with any frequency in AIDS patients. Symptoms include hives, skin eruptions, abdominal pain, perianal pruitis, diarrhea, and pneumonitis. Diagnosis is made by demonstrating rhabditiform larvae in the stool or female parasitic worms and eggs in the small intestinal mucosa; in disseminated cases, rhabditiform or filariform larvae can be found in liver, heart, lungs, thyroid, kidneys, adrenals, pancreas, lymph nodes, and central nervous system. Successful treatment has been achieved with thiabendazol. Strongyloidiasis is uncommon, but since cell-mediated immunity is important in combatting this organism, and since T-lymphocyte function is impaired in AIDS patients, strongyloidiasis should not be overlooked in the diagnosis of opportunistic illnesses in these individuals.
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PMID:Helminthic infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 324 5

In a randomized controlled, clinical study the efficacy of ceftazidime at a dosage of 2 g b. i. d. was compared to that of cefotaxime at a dosage of 2 g t. i. d. or more in the treatment of pneumonia or peritonitis in intensive care patients. 61 of 67 assessable cases were evaluable. In the ceftazidime group ten out of 11 patients with pneumonia and 17 out of 20 with peritonitis showed a clinical success. In the cefotaxime group 15 out of 19 patients with pneumonia and eight out of 11 with peritonitis were clinically cured or improved. With ceftazidime an overall success was achieved in 87% of the patients (27 out of 31) and with cefotaxime in 77% of the patients (23 out of 30). Two patients in the cefotaxime group developed a reinfection. Five of the patients treated with cefotaxime and four of those treated with ceftazidime were therapeutical failures. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus species as well as Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci were the most frequent organisms isolated prior to therapy. Following ceftazidime therapy 30 of the 32 gram-negative species were eliminated, whereas in the cefotaxime group the number of gram-negative species isolated was reduced from 28 to ten. Gram-positive species isolated in ten cases prior to therapy, were still present in seven cases after ceftazidime therapy and the number of gram-positive organisms was reduced from 19 to ten following treatment with cefotaxime. In one patient therapy with ceftazidime was stopped due to urticaria. Reversible leukopenia was observed in a patient treated with ceftazidime and a cholestatic reaction in a patient treated with cefotaxime. In both groups a slight elevation of transaminases was seen.
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PMID:[Ceftazidime versus cefotaxime in the therapy of severe infections in intensive care patients]. 331 30

Imipenem-cilastatin was given in doses of 1 g intravenously every 6 h to 31 patients. Twenty-five patients, with 27 infections, were clinically evaluable and received 20 to 210 g of imipenem for a duration of 5 to 56 days (average 16.3 days). Infections included seven cases of osteomyelitis, seven of bacteremia, five of cellulitis, two of pneumonia, three of pelvic cellulitis, two of intraabdominal abscess, and one each of empyema, mediastinitis, and endometritis. Fifty-five percent of the infections were caused by gram-negative bacilli, 33% were due to gram-positive organisms, and 10% were caused by anaerobes. Twenty-two patients (81%) were cured, three improved, one relapsed, and one became superinfected with a resistant organism. In 5 of 11 cases with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the imipenem MIC for organisms isolated by the end of treatment was higher than it was initially, raising concern that imipenem should not be used alone to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Twenty-one patients had no adverse reaction; of the remaining 10 patients, 4 had nausea, 1 had urticaria, and 6 had mild abnormalities in hepatic function; three episodes of diarrhea included two with Clostridium difficile toxin in stool and one with pseudomembranous colitis, as determined by sigmoidoscopy. Levels of creatinine, hemoglobin, leukocytes, platelets, prothrombin, and urine components were unchanged. Imipenem-cilastatin is a clinically effective antibiotic with freedom from nephrotoxicity and hematological abnormalities in the large doses used in this study.
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PMID:Safety and efficacy of high-dose treatment with imipenem-cilastatin in seriously ill patients. 386 Jan 87

Excluding the most frequent kinds of problems seen with the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID)--gastritis, peptic ulceration and renal effects--published reports indicate that these drugs may cause a wide variety of rare adverse reactions. The most serious of these are hypersensitivity reactions: blood dyscrasias (aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, hemolytic anemia), erythema multiforme and hepatitis. Aseptic meningitis and anaphylactoid reactions may strike patients with underlying immunologic abnormalities; urticaria, bronchospasm and proctocolitis may affect aspirin-sensitive patients. Other unusual reactions include several kinds of bullous dermatitis, febrile reactions, pneumonitis, esophageal ulceration, parotitis, pancreatitis and neurological or psychological effects.
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PMID:Rare adverse reactions to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. 398 96

Cefotiam (CTM) was evaluated for its safety and efficacy in children. Twenty-six patients were treated with 40 to 200 mg/kg per day of CTM by intravenous administrations. The diagnosis of the patients were acute pharyngitis (2), acute bronchitis (1), pneumonia (4), empyema (2), urinary tract infection (2), typhoid fever (1), acute enterocolitis (2), partially-treated purulent meningitis (1), and suspected septicemia in neuroblastoma (1); and the remaining ten patients were considered to have nonbacterial infections. The pathogens recovered were Streptococcus pyogenes (1), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1), Staphylococcus aureus (4), Haemophilus influenzae (4), Escherichia coli (1), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (1), Salmonella typhi (1), and Campylobacter jejuni (1). All but two patients of bacterial infections were cured after the CTM therapy, and the rate of efficacy was 87.5%. Diarrhea (3), urticaria (1), transient elevation of GOT and GPT (1), and transient eosinophilia (3) were found to be associated with the CTM therapy. However, no severe adverse reactions were encountered. Half life of the serum CTM level was 0.93 +/- 0.13 hours, and excretion into the urine was rapid. CSF concentration obtained 1 hour after an intravenous injection of 21 mg/kg of CTM in a case with inflamed meninges was 1.5 mcg/ml, and the CSF/serum ratio was 9.0%. From these data, CTM appears to be a safe and effective antibiotic when used in children with susceptible bacterial infections.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of cefotiam therapy in children (author's transl)]. 627 Apr 13

As early as the 1940s, erythema multiforme exudativum (Stevens-Johnson syndrome) and hemolytic anemia were associated with outbreaks of atypical pneumonia, a disease later found to be caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Epidemiologic evidence has also associated neurological complications, especially aseptic meningitis and meningoencephalitis, with M. pneumoniae infections. Urticarial and morbilliform skin rashes often appear late in the course of M. pneumoniae pneumonia. A multitude of other complications have been ascribed to M. pneumoniae infections, often reported as case reports diagnosed by serologic antibody titers only. More systematic investigations are needed to assess the frequency of complications to M. pneumoniae infections. Isolation of the agent, not only serologic titer rises, should be required before a syndrome is attributed to M. pneumoniae infection.
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PMID:Epidemiologic aspects of M. pneumoniae disease complications: a review. 638 21

Clinical trials of 9,3"-diacetylmidecamycin (MOM), a new macrolide antibiotic were carried out on 46 pediatric patients of 1 month to 11 years old with infections (acute pharyngitis 12, acute tonsillitis 1, acute bronchitis 14, asthmatic bronchitis 10, acute pneumonia 1, primary atypical pneumonia 2, Mycoplasma pneumonia 4 and pertussis 2). As a rule, MOM was given orally at a daily dose of 20 approximately 40 mg/kg divided into 3 times. The clinical results were excellent in 5 patients, good in 21, fair in 7 and poor in 13 and the efficacy rate was 56.5%. Side effects were observed in 4 patients (diarrhea, exanthema, urticaria and eosinophilia, 1 patient respectively). MOM is easy to take and a useful antibiotic for treating patients with bacterial infections, in particular, respiratory tract infection caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
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PMID:[Clinical studies of 9,3"-diacetylmidecamycin in pediatric field (author's transl)]. 697 41

The general features of allergic drug reactions in man have recently been reviewed by Parker (85). By definition allergic drug reactions are produced by specific immunologic processes. Allergic drug reactions must be distinguished from adverse reactions due to overdosage, normal pharmacologic action, toxic metabolite formation, idiosyncrasy, nonspecific release of pharmacologic effector molecules, or drug interactions. The clinical manifestations of drug allergy are quite protean. In addition to classical manifestations of allergy such as serum sickness, anaphylaxis, contact dermatitis or urticaria, drug allergy may produce hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia, hepatitis, nephritis, pneumonitis, vasculitis, or neuritis where a single organ or cell type is affected. While many drugs produce reactions with suggestive of allergy, definitive experimental evidence either for or against mechanism is usually not available. Some of these reactions may involve allergic mediators released or produced nonimmunologically through pharmacologic, osmotic, or toxic effects on cells involved in immune inflammation (mast cells, basophils, phagocytes, and lymphocytes) or through nonspecific activation of effector molecules in extracellular fluid such as the complement proteins. Drugs may also induce the formation of autoantibodies through mechanisms that are largely obscure, but may in some instances involve the direct participation of the drug as a hapten and in other instances occur indirectly through a pharmacologic or toxic action on the cells responsible for immune homeostasis.
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PMID:Allergic reactions in man. 704 Nov 44

1. The in vitro antibacterial activity of cefoxitin was nearly equal to that of CEZ and CET against the 6 species of clinically isolated strains. Cefoxitin, furthermore, had an antibacterial activity against the strains of P. morganii resistant to CEZ and CET. 2. Cefoxitin was applied to a total of 17 patients including 6 cases of bronchitis, 5 of pneumonia, 2 of enteritis, and 1 each of pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis and lymphadenitis. The results showed an efficacy rate of 88%. In the 6 patients from whom the isolation of pathogenic organisms was possible, the bacteriological response to cefoxitin was appreciable the efficacy rate being 83%. Thus, it is considered that cefoxitin also has a significant antibacterial activity in vivo. 3. As to the side effects following the administration of cefoxitin, urticaria-like eruption was observed in 1 case, and an elevation of transaminase in another. These findings, however, became normal soon after discontinuation of cefoxitin treatment.
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PMID:[Clinical studies of cefoxitin in the pediatric field (author's transl)]. 728 29

Clinical effect of acetylspiramycin, one of macrolide antibiotics, primary atypical pneumonia and serologically proven Mycoplasma pneumonia in children was studied. Twenty-four cases of these pneumonia (PAP 11, MP 13) in children were selected and acetylspiramycin was given in dose of approximately 30 mg/kg/day orally. Clinical response was evaluated in terms of improvement in fever, cough and chest X-ray. Clinical response was excellent in 4, good in 5, fair in 14 cases and none in 1 case. No definite adverse effect was observed, however 3 cases showed skin rashes. Two cases showed evanescent small erythematopapulous rash and 1 case developed urticaria on the 2nd to 4th day after this drug was given. These skin rash seemed one of the manifestation of Mycoplasma infections, rather than adverse side effect. One case showed elevated transaminase activity before acetylspiramycin was given and improved on the 2nd week, although this drug was continued. No other side effect was observed. We were able to use acetylspiramycin only in the form of 200 mg tablet and difficulty of the administration was encountered in children under 5 years of age. Other form (dry syrup, etc.) of this drug should be considered for the clinical use in children. In conclusion, acetylspiramycin was effective and safe for the treatment of primary atypical pneumonia and Mycoplasma pneumonia.
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PMID:[Clinical effect of acetylspiramycin on primary atypical pneumonia in children (author's transl)]. 732 Nov 87


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