Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The seven major childhood infectious diseases-measles, mumps, rubella, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus-can cause permanent disability and, in some cases, death. They all can be prevented by immunization, but prior to the National Childhood Immunization Initiative of 1977 more than a third of all children under age 15 were not properly protected. And even though vaccines are now available to reduce the risk of influenza, hepatitis B, and pneumococcal pneumonia, many high risk patients are not protected. Outbreaks of measles and pertussis, and occasionally of diphtheria and polio, during the mid-1970s indicate that immunization must be emphasized continually. With the combination of safe, effective vaccines, public and private programs, and a reliable disease surveillance and outbreak containment system, infectious diseases can be controlled. The Department of Health and Human Services has proposed a major initiative designed to eliminate the indigenous occurrence of measles.
 ...
PMID:Preventive health services: Immunization. 641 18

A rural development project carried out in Southern Zimbabwe for 5 years was aimed at improving nutrition, combatting diseases, educating villagers about proper hygiene, improving water quality, and assessing the development and nutritional status of children under 5. The community investigated consisted of 10,000 people or 1,439 families with an average of 7 persons per family. The main staple of their diet was maize, and malnutrition was prevalent. Water holes infested with bilharzia were the source of drinking water for both man and animal. The project succeeded in vaccinating 90% of preschool children against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, measles, and tuberculosis. A control district was chosen to compare the developmental data obtained by the Cole Slide Rule Calculator of 229 children under 5 with those of 242 children in the project. Malnutrition was studied in 200 children hospitalized in the children's ward of a district hospital, 1/3 of whom were less than 1 year old. Gastroenteritis, giardiasis and amebiasis were prevalent among them (37%), as were upper respiratory infections (27%), pneumonia (12%), and skin infections (7%). Nonspecific gastroenteritis was found in 86% of children under 2. Most over 2 were severely undernourished. A nutritional rehabilitation village called Hutano Village was established in 1982 to function as a nutritional center, staffed by a full-time health worker and an assistant. In the 1st 9 months of its existence, 114 children were taken in, and the mothers received instruction in vegetable gardening, raising chickens and rabbits, hygiene, and family planning. The average attendance runs to 25 children and 15 to 17 mothers. In spite of successful medical intervention in malnutrition cases, the relapse of children into an undernourished state remains a difficult issue, whose cause lies in inadequate water supply, poor soil, lack of resources, and low family socio-economic status.
 ...
PMID:[Improved health in Zimbabwe's rural areas as a result of the rural development project]. 648 96

Fourty-four patients received two doses of 12.5 mg/kg of hydrocortisone or placebo on the first day of life in attempted therapy for respiratory distress syndrome. Follow-up studies were performed on survivors at 5 years of age in ten steroid-treated and seven placebo-treated respiratory distress syndrome subjects. There were no significant differences in growth, intelligence tests, or neurologic examinations in the patients assessed. Abnormal EEGs are present in both groups. Immunologic tests showed no differences in lymphocyte counts, immunoglobulin levels, diphtheria and tetanus antibody titers, or complement components. Diminished percentages of T lymphocytes were found in steroid patients (53%) compared to control subjects (69%). There were also increased percentages of lymphocytes with C3 receptors in steroid patients (20.1%) compared to control patients (13.8%). Episodes of otitis and/or pneumonia were documented in eight of 11 steroid-treated patients between the ages of 1 and 5 years, compared to two of seven patients in the placebo group in the same time period. It is concluded that large doses of steroids on the first day of life may induce lasting immunologic abnormalities and may predispose to an increased incidence of infections.
 ...
PMID:Depressed T cells following neonatal steroid treatment. 697 13

Two Dutch researchers analyzed detailed standardized annual reports from 17 mission hospitals in Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, and Zambia to determine what can be learned from hospital records on the volume of medical services provided as well as on the incidence and seriousness of major diseases and their patterns of change during 1975-90. These hospitals had more than 1.2 million patients (excluding deliveries, neonates, and premature births) and 67,534 deaths. The number of hospital admissions increased considerably (50-77%) in all countries except Ghana. Yet admission rates (per 1000 population/year) rose at a much lower rate (6-25%) in the three countries, suggesting that population growth accounted for a large part of the increase. During 1975-90, in Ghana, the admission rates decreased by 42% and the number of infectious disease admissions fell by 12%. More than 50% of all admissions were for infectious diseases in Kenya and Tanzania compared to 33% for Zambia and 35% for Ghana. Children aged under 15 years were more likely to be admitted for an infection or infection-related disease than adults (75% vs. 31%). The most common infectious disease responsible for admissions and a cause of death was malaria, probably due to a slowly rising resistance in the malaria parasite, resistance to insecticides in the mosquito, and the decreased immunity of the population due to uncontrolled use of antimalarials. In three countries (except Zambia for admissions and Ghana for causes of death), malaria has risen considerably (p 0.001). The case fatality rate for meningitis had also increased significantly during 1975-90 (p 0.001). Other significant causes of admissions and deaths included pneumonia, gastroenteritis, and tuberculosis. In all four countries, immunizable diseases and measles have declined greatly (p 0.001). Case fatality rates (CFRs) were highest for tetanus (36.7-68.8%) and meningitis (14.7-43%) and lowest for malaria (0.6-4.6%). CFRs for malaria, gastroenteritis, and pneumonia were much higher in adults than in children. These type of data are needed for planning and the operation of curative and preventive care.
 ...
PMID:Analysis of hospital records in four African countries, 1975-1990, with emphasis on infectious diseases. 763 17

Over an 18-month period, from October 1991 through early 1993, a study was carried out in two phases in the pediatric wards of the Eldoret District Hospital to document infant and child morbidity and mortality in the Uasin Gishu district and parts of several surrounding districts in western Kenya. Patient discharge summaries and ward registers were analyzed for age, sex, diagnosis, length of hospitalization, and outcome. There were a total 4720 pediatric admissions over the period. The most frequent 20 diseases were identified and their respective case fatalities were calculated. 74.5% of the admissions were due to only four diseases: malaria (33.0%), pneumonia (26.8%), gastroenteritis (10%), and measles (7.6%). Malaria was responsible for only 9 (9.1%) of all deaths. The disease specific mortality rate for malaria was 2.2%, 11th among the top 15 diseases. 20 (20.4%) out of a total of 98 deaths were due to pneumonia. Measles was becoming less important as a cause of morbidity because of immunization: in 1991, over 20 cases/per month were admitted, but by 1993 only 6.5 cases/month were admitted, a decrease of 68%. Neonatal tetanus was responsible for 43.2% of neonatal mortality during the 18 months. In addition, 47 infants and children had severe anemia (hemoglobin 4.0 gm%); 8 (17%) of these children died despite emergency blood transfusions. The overall mortality rate in the hospital during the study was 8.2%, which compares with 9.6% reported in Tanzania in 1987. 61 (64.9%) deaths occurred within 24 hours of hospitalization owing to delay in seeking medical care. In a 1988 study in Harare, 201 (43.7%) of 460 deaths occurred within the first 24 hours of admission. Furthermore, during February through June 1992, 29 of 57 children under 2 years of age admitted for gastroenteritis tested positive for HIV antibodies. A retrospective review of the ward register also showed that in 20% of the admissions the outcome was not recorded, in 25% the length of stay could not be determined, and for 8.3% the age of the patient was not recorded.
 ...
PMID:Paediatric morbidity and mortality at the Eldoret District Hospital, Kenya. 779 68

In Sukuta, Gambia, in 1989, 128 newborns were randomly allocated to receive the liquid form of the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid (PRP-T) vaccine at 1 and 3 months (group A), 2 and 4 months (group B), or not to receive the vaccine (group C). All these children also received the oral polio vaccine and the diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine. In 1990, in Bakau, Gambia, 66 infants received the lyophilized form of the PRP-T vaccine at the same time as they received DPT vaccine: 2, 3, and 4 months. The investigators aimed to determine the safety and immunogenicity of PRP-T as a forerunner to the upcoming PRP-T efficacy trial in Gambia. In the 1989 study, the geometric mean titer (GMT) of anti-PRP antibody 1 month after the second dose was higher in group B than in group A (0.41 vs. 0.26 mcg/ml). In the 1990 study, the GMT of anti-PRP antibody was 0.09 mcg/ml after the first dose, 0.74 mcg/ml after the second dose, and 2.32 mcg/ml after the third dose. One month after the final dose, the lyophilized PRP-T vaccine yielded higher antibody levels than the liquid form. For example, 72% of infants in the lyophilized group had an antibody level greater than 1 mcg/ml compared with 18% for the liquid group. 93% of all infants in groups A and B had antibody levels above 0.15 mcg/ml, the level considered to provide immediate protection, compared with 53% for the liquid group. Serious side effects were not observed. The rate of adverse reactions correlated with the concurrent delivery of DPT vaccine. Advantages of the PRP-T vaccine include: it mixes well with DPT; if administered in a three-dose schedule to Gambian infants, it is safe and elicits a protective antibody response in most infants; and it also protects against Hib infection, a major cause of meningitis and pneumonia in infants and an important cause of major childhood-acquired disability in developing countries.
 ...
PMID:The immunogenicity and safety of Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in Gambian infants. 782 90

In February 1992 in Nigeria, pediatricians and community health workers interviewed parents living in 1263 households in the rural tropical rainforest community of Nko in Ugep Local Government Area of Cross River State to determine the pattern of infant and child mortality in a typical rural community and to examine family and social patterns which may influence child mortality. There were no records of birth and death in Nko. They identified 471 pediatric deaths (=or 15 year olds) that occurred during 1991. Children between 1 and 5 years old comprised the largest group of pediatric deaths (43.3%) followed by those older than 5 years (33.3%), 1-12 month old infants (18.1%), and newborns (5.1%). The leading causes of neonatal death were septicemia (37.5%), tetanus (20.8%), and birth asphyxia (20.8%). The leading causes of infant death included malaria (46.5%), protein energy malnutrition (PEM) (10.5%), pneumonia (10.5%), and diarrhea (10.5%). Among preschoolers (1-5 year olds), the major causes of death were malaria (35.8%), PEM (18.1%), and diarrhea (13.7%). Pneumonia (16.6%), malaria (15.3%), and tuberculosis (13.4%) were the chief causes of death among school-aged children. Among all 471 pediatric deaths, malaria was the leading cause of death. Pediatric deaths peaked in the months of March and August, periods of high malaria transmission during the transitional period from dry to wet season and from wet to dry season. Only 5% of the deceased children had adequate immunization coverage. 52.9% of the children were not treated in health facilities, as the nearest health facility was in the town of Ugep, 15 km away from Nko. Insufficient waste disposal, lack of potable water, and streams polluted with human wastes contribute to the diarrhea deaths. An open toilet system, bushes littered with domestic wastes, and no water drainage system are breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Overcrowding in the homes foster the spread of infections. Protein-poor root crops predominate, leading to PEM.
 ...
PMID:Community-based surveillance of paediatric deaths in Cross River State, Nigeria. 785 18

We report a nosocomial outbreak due to adenovirus in a paediatric respiratory unit serving a poor socio-economic community. Of 207 children admitted during an eight-month period, 24% were neonates; the median age of the remainder was 10 months. Thirty-two cases were found to be infected with adenovirus and of these 67% died. Nine were already infected with adenovirus when admitted. Twenty-three acquired the infection after admission, giving an incidence of nosocomial acquisition of 12% with a 91% mortality rate. All but one of the adenovirus infected children were being ventilated and had an endotracheal tube in place. Nosocomial spread was likely to have been from the hands of attendants, especially those manipulating suction catheters and endotracheal tube or ventilator connections. Risk factors for acquiring nosocomial infection were young age: all but two were < 1 year of age, and a relatively prolonged ward stay necessitated by the nature of the primary condition (pneumonia, bronchiolitis, laryngotracheo bronchitis, tetanus). The measures that were taken to control spread of the virus are described. Despite these, primary cases of adenovirus infection re-introduced the virus regularly over the study period. The genome analysis showed adenovirus types to be 7c2 and 7c.
 ...
PMID:Nosocomial adenovirus infection in a paediatric respiratory unit. 790 89

A household survey of neonatal mortality was conducted during 1991 in Meerut District, about 70 km from Delhi in Uttar Pradesh, India. The sample included 2211 infants from 30 clusters, which included 111 deaths in the first year of life for data collected during November 12-19, 1991. The estimate of infant mortality rate was 50.1/1000 live births. There were 42 neonatal deaths--a neonatal rate of 19.0/1000 live births. 90.5% of neonates were home deliveries. 45.3% were delivered by an untrained birth attendant and 30.9% were delivered by a trained birth attendant. 11.9% were delivered by a family member. 42.8% of neonates who died did not receive treatment for an illness before their death. 11.9% of neonates, who died but received some treatment, were treated in hospitals. 66.7% of mothers had knowledge about prenatal immunization against tetanus, but only 30.9% received complete immunization, and 23.8% had one dose of tetanus toxoid vaccine. The most common causes of death were attributed to septicemia and neonatal tetanus infections (21.4% of neonatal deaths). Other causes of neonatal death were infantile diarrhea (11.9%), prematurity (9.5%), congenital anomalies (9.5%), pneumonia (7.2%), and birth asphyxia, meningitis, burn injury, and Rh incompatibility (2.4% each). This study in 1991 shows that neonatal mortality declined over the prior 10 years. However, outreach of qualified medical staff into this rural community was still limited. Knowledge of some health practices, such as immunization, was evident, but the service component was inadequate. This study confirms that exogenous factors contributed to at least 66% of neonatal deaths. These deaths could have been averted with proper and timely maternal and child health care services.
 ...
PMID:Neonatal mortality in Meerut district. 811 86

The present study was conducted in 9 villages of Rural Health Training Centre, Jawan, Aligarh, India, having 1792 registered families. The infant mortality rate was 79.3 per 1000 live births. Higher mortality in children between 1-2 years (29.6/1000) in comparison to 2-5 years (16.2/1000) reflected the higher vulnerability of children below 2 years. Diarrhoea (21.2%) and neonatal factors (21.2%) were the major cause of infant mortality followed by pneumonia (18.2%) and tetanus (15.1%). Diarrhoea (32.2%), pneumonia (22.6%) and malnutrition (12.9%) were the major killers in children between 1-5 years. Mortality in females was higher than males in infancy. Risk factors associated with infant mortality included extremes of maternal age (< 20+ > 35 years) primipara or multipara and illiterate mothers.
 ...
PMID:Early childhood mortality--a rural study. 823 76


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>