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Query: UMLS:C0032285 (pneumonia)
 54,520 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is reviewed for dental practitioners, with an emphasis on oral findings; the clinical course, diagnosis, reporting, treatment, prognosis, transmission, and epidemiology are also covered. HIV infection has an incubation period that may be associated with glandular fever, a prodrome called AIDS-Related Complex (ARC) characterized by lymphadenopathy, low fever, weight loss, night sweats, diarrhea, oral candidosis, nonproductive cough and recurrent infections. AIDS is characterized by opportunistic infections. Over 50% present with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 21% with Kaposi's sarcoma, and 6% have both. The AIDS virus causes direct neurological symptoms in some cases. Oral candidosis (thrush) in a young male without a local cause such as xerostomia or immune suppression is strongly suggestive of AIDS. Other oral manifestations are severe herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, venereal warts, aphthous ulceration, mycobacterial oral ulcers, oral histoplasmosis, sinusitis and osteomyelitis of the jaw. Hairy leukoplakia, usually seen on the lateral border of the tongue, is probably caused by Epstein-Barr virus. Kaposi's sarcoma, an endothelial cell tumor, is characteristic of AIDS, and in 50% of patients is oral or perioral. Cervical lymph node enlargement will be seen in those with ARC as well as AIDS. No guidelines have been issued by the Department of Health and Social Security for dental surgeons in the UK for reporting AIDS cases. Although HIV virions have been isolated from saliva, there are no known incidents of transmission via saliva. HIV is less likely to be transmitted by needle stick injuries than, for example hepatitis B (25% risk), especially if the blood is from a carrier rather than a full blown AIDS case.
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PMID:Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: review. 352 29

Pneumonia, acute bronchitis, and sinusitis are common infections encountered by the pulmonary specialist. Such conditions are usually treated with antibiotics, and their use requires an understanding of their pharmacokinetic properties as well as their antimicrobial spectrum and adverse side effects.
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PMID:Respiratory pharmacology. Antibiotics. I. Beta-lactam antibiotics, the tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, metronidazole, and the quinolones. 353

Fever of unknown origin is a major diagnostic problem in traumatologic postoperative intensive care medicine. Even when other causes of fever (wound infection, pneumonia, intravenous catheter contamination) have been ruled out, purulent maxillary sinusitis is rarely considered as the initial focus. The maxillary sinuses of 46 patients admitted to a postoperative intensive care unit were examined using a mobile "A-Scan" ultrasonic scanner. Follow-up examinations were performed on a regular basis. As early as on the 5th day of treatment, the initially, most often nasotracheally intubated and artificially ventilated patients exhibited a high frequency of pathological ultrasonic results, whereas only 10 of the 46 patients within the study demonstrated normal findings throughout the follow-up examinations. As a rule, bilateral involvement was observed. When findings were initially unilateral, the nasally intubated side was most often affected. Early extubation, partial mobilisation and/or administration of antibiotics from the first day of treatment onwards did not prevent the occurrence of pathologic ultrasonic results. Fever and leucocyte count were found to be elevated to a higher level in patients with purulent sinusitis. Thus, affection of the maxillary sinuses appears to be a frequent accompanying disease in intensive care patients, and should therefore always be taken into consideration as the initial focus of fever of unknown origin.
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PMID:[Maxillary sinusitis in intensive care patients]. 354 41

The antibacterial efficacy of some of the newer quinolone antimicrobial agents in general, and ciprofloxacin in particular, in animal models of experimental septic arthritis, burn wound sepsis, empyema, chronic gastroenteritis, granuloma pouch infection, intraabdominal abscess, osteomyelitis, prostatis, sinusitis, urinary tract infection, and severe septicemia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is reviewed. In addition, the efficacy of these newer quinolones has been studied in animal models of pneumonia, endocarditis, meningitis, skin and soft tissue infections, and a variety of other systemic infections. Although certain limitations are associated with animal models of infection, properly performed studies clearly have the potential to provide guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of some infections in humans.
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PMID:Efficacy of ciprofloxacin in animal models of infection. 355 64

Results of a two-dose (150 vs 500 mg/kg/month) crossover study with intravenous immunoglobulin (Endobulin, Immuno) (IVIG) carried out on 12 children with primary immunodeficiency syndromes over a period of 2 years are reported. Eight children had received human plasma (20 mg/kg/month) during the 2 years prior to the IVIG study. As these children had been thoroughly monitored during plasma treatment, a retrospective analysis of these data allowed for comparison with IVIG treatment. Children on low-dose IVIG therapy had significantly (P less than 0.01) fewer days with clinical illness, e.g., sinusitis, pneumonia, diarrhea, and arthritis, than did those receiving plasma treatment. High-dose IVIG therapy led to further significant clinical improvement. Lung function tests (MEF25) improved significantly as well. The difference between high- and low-dose therapy with respect to the improvement in clinical symptoms (e.g., cold, fever, otitis) was more pronounced in children with severe clinical symptoms at the initiation of the study. Children with fewer symptoms did comparably well on high- and low-dose treatment, except for those with acute febrile illness, which was less frequent in children on high-dose IVIG. Regular monitoring of liver enzymes in the group of patients on IVIG therapy gave no indication of the transmission of viral hepatitis in the course of the 2-year IVIG treatment.
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PMID:Results of a prospective controlled two-dose crossover study with intravenous immunoglobulin and comparison (retrospective) with plasma treatment. 356 57

Newly developed cefuzoname (CZON) was tested in 21 children and serum and urinary concentration and urinary recovery rates were determined. To 9 cases, 3 groups of 3 cases each, CZON was given at 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg one shot intravenously, and to 12 cases, 3 groups of 5, 3, 4 cases each, 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg was drip-infused over 1 hour. To 1 case of purulent meningitis 55.6 mg/kg was given one shot intravenously and concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum were measured. In 37 pediatric patients comprising 1 with tonsillitis, 24 with pneumonia, 1 with purulent meningitis and bacteremia, 7 with urinary tract infection, and 1 each with staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, purulent lymphadenitis, periarthritis of jaw joint, maxillary sinusitis and orbital abscess, CZON was tried at 21.6 mg/kg (mean) per dose, 3 or 4 doses daily, one shot intravenously, for 7 days (mean). The clinical efficacy and antibacterial effectiveness were investigated. Also, the side effects were investigated and clinical laboratory tests done in the 37 pediatric cases plus 6 cases in which CZON was used but which were excluded from the efficacy analysis because they did not involve infections. The following is a summary of the results: 1. To 3 groups of 3 children each, 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg of CZON was given one shot intravenously. In each case the maximum serum concentration was observed at 5 min. after injection, and mean values of 3 groups with 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg dosing were 57.1, 147.2 and 316.7 mcg/ml respectively, indicating a dose-dependent response among the 3 groups. Mean half-lives were 0.83, 1.10 and 0.79 hours for 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg groups, respectively. The 10 mg/kg and the 40 mg/kg groups showed similar half-lives but the half-life of the 20 mg/kg group was a little longer than those of the other 2. 2. CZON was drip-infused over 1 hour to a total of 12 children divided into 3 groups of 5, 3 and 4 children at dose levels of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of cefuzoname in the pediatric field]. 361 96

Patient visits to the primary care physician are prompted most often by an infectious disease. The clinician must be aware of the common and serious infections present in the community and must institute proper diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal infections, staphylococcal infections, pneumonia and upper respiratory tract infection, bone and joint infections, sinusitis, clostridial infections, and tetanus are discussed.
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PMID:Infectious disease emergencies. 363 85

Paranasal sinusitis is an important source of sepsis and morbidity in head injury victims and requires aggressive pursuit and therapy. Of 208 head-injured patients, 24 developed paranasal sinusitis. The Glasgow Coma Scale score of the sinusitis patients was 7.1 +/- 3.9. Nineteen patients were intubated nasotracheally, and five were intubated orally. Sinus air fluid levels, indicative of bleeding into the sinus, were seen on 17 initial computed tomographic scans. Maxillary sinus suppuration occurred in 23 patients; in 20 it was the initial sinus involved. Twenty-one patients developed polymicrobial sinusitis. Coexisting infections were common. In 15 patients with concurrent tracheobronchitis or pneumonia, organisms identical to those in sinus aspirations were recovered from the sputum. Seven patients had associated bacteremia. Meningitis in six patients shared a common pathogen with their sinusitis. Nonoperative management successfully resolved sinus infection in 19 cases. Five patients required open sinusotomy.
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PMID:Clinical characteristics of nosocomial sinusitis. 368 59

The efficacy of ceftriaxone, 1 g given intramuscularly once daily, was evaluated in 38 patients with pneumonia (n = 11), pulmonary empyema (n = 2), bronchitis (n = 4), tonsillitis (n = 9), sinusitis (n = 7), and otitis (n = 5). Causative organisms were Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 11), viridans type streptococcus (n = 1), Haemophilus influenzae (n = 6), group A streptococcus (n = 10), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 3), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 1), Escherichia coli (n = 2), Proteus mirabilis (n = 1), and Proteus vulgaris (n = 1). Sterilization of infected foci was obtained in 89.4% of those treated, with clinical recovery in 86.8%. The ceftriaxone regimen was well tolerated.
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PMID:Ceftriaxone therapy in otolaryngological and pulmonary infections. 370 68

Curvularia lunata is a saprobic dematiaceous mould that resides primarily in soil (Ellis, 1966). Reports of human disease caused by this organism are rare but include: endocarditis, brain abscess, skin infections, onychomycosis, keratitis, pneumonia, disseminated disease, mycetoma, allergic bronchopulmonary disease, and one case of sinusitis. Since 1983, we have encountered five cases of paranasal sinusitis due to C. lunata. None of the patients suffered from known immunologic disorders or underlying debilitating diseases. These five cases are presented and the literature of human phaeohyphomycosis caused by Curvularia spp. is reviewed.
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PMID:Human Curvularia infections. Report of five cases and review of the literature. 380 44


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